Immunohematology and Blood Types Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the first example of blood preservation research?

  • Use of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant (correct)
  • Discovery of the ABO Blood Group system
  • Development of blood type genetics
  • Transfusion of milk from cows and goats

Who discovered the ABO Blood Group system?

  • Karl Landsteiner (correct)
  • Earl Joseph D. Catampatan
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Gregory Mendel

Which blood types are part of the ABO Blood Group system?

  • A, B, O (correct)
  • A, B, AB
  • A, B, O, AB
  • AB, O, Rh

What was a key observation made by Karl Landsteiner regarding blood types?

<p>Presence of agglutinogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'alleles' in genetics?

<p>Alternative forms of a gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of using milk for transfusions by US physicians from 1873 to 1880?

<p>To mitigate infectious diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a homozygous genotype?

<p>It has two identical alleles for a given trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Mendel’s Law of Inheritance, what does the term 'dominant' refer to?

<p>A gene that is always expressed regardless of the allele present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Braxton Hicks contribute to the field of immunohematology?

<p>Introduction of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law pertains to the separation of inheritance traits according to Mendelian genetics?

<p>Law of Independent Segregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a codominant gene relationship?

<p>Both alleles are expressed equally without one dominating the other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'sex-linked' traits?

<p>Traits governed by genes located on the sex chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about blood types is false?

<p>Type A blood contains B agglutinogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Lee-White clotting time procedure?

<p>To determine the clotting time of a patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

<p>O Rh negative (O-) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Rh blood group specifically refer to?

<p>The D antigen present on red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are isolated through cold ethanol fractionation?

<p>Albumin, gamma globulin, and fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Rh positive blood?

<p>It contains the D antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to patients who can receive any blood type during transfusions?

<p>Universal recipient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Lee-White clotting time support surgical procedures?

<p>It determines the clotting time for patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crystalloid solutions in emergency cases?

<p>They can replace red blood cells temporarily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which decade was the concept of the blood bank first established?

<p>1940's (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a single bag for blood collection?

<p>To collect, store, and transfuse whole blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was established in 1953 to facilitate blood exchange among banks?

<p>AABB Clearinghouse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood bag allows for the separation of red cells, platelet concentrate, and plasma?

<p>Triple Bag (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with creating the first hospital blood bank in the United States?

<p>Bernard Fantus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quadruple bag enable in blood component separation?

<p>Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate, cryoprecipitate, and plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor that led to the establishment of blood preservation research?

<p>High casualty rates during the war (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What graphical representation is used for females in pedigree analysis?

<p>Circles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a double line between a male and female signify in a pedigree chart?

<p>A consanguineous mating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation consists of all red or all white flowers in Mendel's plant experiment?

<p>Parental generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a stillbirth or abortion indicated in a pedigree chart?

<p>A small black circle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the arrow in a pedigree chart indicate?

<p>The most important member of the pedigree (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the inheritance patterns mentioned?

<p>Y-linked Recessive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a line crossed through a symbol indicate in pedigree analysis?

<p>A deceased family member (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the crossbreeding of homozygous red and homozygous white flowers, what generation is produced?

<p>First-filial generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be absent in plasma if an agglutinogen is present on the red blood cell membrane?

<p>Agglutinin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type contains antibodies that are anti-A?

<p>Blood Type B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant discovery by Karl Landsteiner in the early 1920s?

<p>Establishment of ABO blood groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical substances reduce or prevent blood coagulation?

<p>Anti-coagulants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a transfusion reaction?

<p>Activation of immune response to foreign material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves preventing clotting by sewing a recipient's vein to a donor's artery?

<p>Anastomosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the agglutinins in Blood Type O target?

<p>Anti-A and Anti-B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of immunohematology?

<p>To provide compatible blood for transfusions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Coombs Test detect?

<p>Presence of unidentified antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the discovery of blood type AB occur?

<p>1902 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main challenge during the first recorded blood transfusion in 1492?

<p>Preventing clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does heparin serve as in blood banking?

<p>An anti-coagulant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was suggested by Ludvig Hektoen regarding transfusion safety?

<p>Implementation of crossmatching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant advancement occurred in blood banking in 1867?

<p>Use of antiseptics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Immunohematology

The study of blood groups and their inheritance, including the immune responses to blood transfusions.

ABO Blood Group System

Landsteiner's discovery of the ABO blood group system revolutionized blood transfusions by revealing the incompatibility of different blood types.

Landsteiner's Law

A principle stating that individuals possess antibodies against blood group antigens that they lack. For example, someone with type A blood has antibodies against type B blood.

Law of Independent Segregation

The process of separating chromosomes during cell division, ensuring each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome.

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Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other, meaning the inheritance of one trait doesn't affect the inheritance of another.

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Agglutinogen

A substance found on the red blood cells' surface that can elicit an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

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Agglutinin

An antibody found in the blood plasma that reacts with a specific agglutinogen on red blood cells, causing clumping (agglutination).

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Phenotype

The physical expression of inherited genes. What you see! Think of the color of your hair, your height, eye color, etc.

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Genotype

The set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism. The genetic makeup.

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Alleles

Alternative forms of a gene. Genes come in different versions - like a color!

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Locus

The specific location of genes within the chromosomes.

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Autosomal

Genes inherited on one of the 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes. Think of all the chromosomes EXCEPT the sex chromosomes.

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Blood Collection Bag

A plastic bag for blood collection, introduced in the 1930's. It enabled safer and easier preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood.

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Double Blood Bag

A special type of blood collection bag designed to separate whole blood into red blood cells and plasma.

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Triple Blood Bag

A blood collection bag with three compartments for separating whole blood into red blood cells, platelet concentrate, and plasma.

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Quadruple Blood Bag

A blood collection bag with four compartments allowing separation of red blood cells, platelet concentrate, cryoprecipitate, and plasma.

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First Hospital Blood Depot

The first hospital-based blood depot was established in a Leningrad hospital in 1932.

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First Hospital Blood Bank (US)

Dr. Bernard Fantus established the first hospital blood bank in the US in 1937 at Cook County Hospital in Chicago.

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Blood Preservation Research During WWII

Increased demand for blood and plasma during World War II stimulated research in blood preservation.

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AABB Clearinghouse/National Blood Exchange

The AABB Clearinghouse, established in 1953, provided a centralized system for exchanging blood among blood banks. It is now known as the National Blood Exchange.

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Lee-White Clotting Time

A procedure used to determine how long it takes for blood to clot. It's essential for individuals with clotting issues or those undergoing surgery.

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Blood Type O Negative (O-)

This blood type is called the 'universal donor' because it lacks both A and B antigens, making it safe for transfusion into most blood types. It's highly valued in emergency situations.

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Blood Type AB Positive (AB+)

This blood type is the 'universal recipient' because it contains both A and B antigens, allowing it to receive blood from all other blood types.

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Rh Blood Group/Rhesus Blood Group

The Rh blood group system is based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. It's crucial for safe blood transfusions and pregnancy.

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Cold Ethanol Fractionation

Cold ethanol fractionation is a process used to separate plasma into vital components, like albumin and gamma globulin, which are used for treatment.

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Albumin

A protein with powerful osmotic properties that maintains blood volume and plays a vital role in healing.

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Crystalloids/Alkaloids

A type of solution administered in emergencies when blood transfusions are unavailable. They mimic some of the functions of red blood cells.

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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Involves genes located on non-sex chromosomes, where one copy of the dominant allele is sufficient for trait expression.

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Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Requires two copies of the recessive allele for trait expression, one from each parent.

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X-linked Dominant Inheritance

Genes on the X chromosome determine the trait, with the dominant allele showing even with one copy in females. Males only need one copy for trait expression.

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X-linked Recessive Inheritance

Requires two copies of the recessive allele in females (on both X chromosomes) for trait expression. Males need only one copy on their X chromosome.

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Consanguineous Mating

A mating between two individuals who are related to each other.

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Propositus

The individual in a pedigree being studied, usually the person who brings the family to the attention of the geneticist.

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Pedigree

A representation of the inheritance of a trait within a family, showing the relationships between individuals and the presence or absence of the trait.

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Pedigree Analysis Conventions

The interpretation of pedigree analysis involves understanding standard conventions for representing data.

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What does immunohematology study?

A branch of hematology that focuses on studying antigen-antibody reactions in blood and their impact on blood disorders.

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What is blood banking?

The process of collecting, storing, and distributing blood and blood components for transfusions.

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What is an Agglutinogen?

A substance that is present on the surface of red blood cells and can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies.

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What is an Agglutinin?

An antibody found in blood plasma that reacts with a specific Agglutinogen on red blood cells, causing clumping (agglutination).

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What is a naturally producing antibody?

Naturally occurring antibodies present in the plasma of individuals, not due to prior exposure to foreign antigens. They are pre-formed and react with specific blood group antigens.

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What is Transfusion Medicine?

The study of blood and blood components for transfusions. It involves selecting the appropriate, compatible components for each patient to avoid transfusion reactions.

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What is a Transfusion Reaction?

The reaction that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed, causing the red blood cells to clump together and potentially block blood vessels.

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What is Landsteiner's Law?

The principle stating that individuals naturally possess antibodies against blood group antigens they lack.

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What is Crossmatching?

The process of determining blood compatibility between a donor and a potential recipient before transfusion.

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What is Anastomosis?

The direct method of blood transfusion where the donor's vein is directly connected to the recipient's artery, a technique used for a short duration.

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What is the Anti-Human Globulin Test (AHG) Test?

A test used to identify the presence of unknown or unidentified antibodies in blood. It detects antibodies attached to red blood cells either in vivo or in vitro.

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What is a Direct AHG Test?

A test to detect antibodies on red blood cells that have been exposed to foreign antigens in the body (in vivo).

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What is an Indirect AHG Test?

A test used to detect unknown antibodies in serum by exposing red blood cells to a known antigen in a test tube.

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What are antibody screens?

A test to check antibody production by the host when exposed to foreign antigens. It is designed to find the presence of antibodies in the blood.

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Study Notes

Immunohematology

  • Immunohematology is a branch of hematology examining antigen-antibody reactions in blood disorders. It studies blood and blood component preparation for transfusions and selecting compatible blood components.
  • Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood can trigger an immune response, a foreign material signal, and potential fatal transfusion reactions if not resolved quickly.
  • The goal is providing compatible blood for patients.

Blood Banking

  • Refers to collecting, storing, processing blood, and distributing blood cells/components.
  • Objectives are fulfilling blood-bag functions and ensuring blood compatibility for transfusions.

Transfusion Medicine/Transfusiology

  • Branch of medicine dealing with blood and component transfusions.

Historical Overview

  • 1492: First recorded blood transfusion (Pope Innocent VII).
  • 1867: Clotting was a major obstacle in early transfusions as anti-coagulants were not yet known.
  • 1873-1880: US physicians used milk transfusions to mitigate infectious diseases.
  • 1913: First successful blood transfusion.
  • 1914: Unprecedented success in blood transfusion.
  • 1915: Sodium citrate used as an anticoagulant for transfusions.
  • 1916: Minimizing citrate toxicity determined for safer anticoagulation.
  • 1927-1947: Preservative solutions developed for extending blood viability.
  • 1939-1940: Rh blood group system discovered.
  • 1943: Cold ethanol fractionation process for separating blood components.
  • 1945: Hospital-based blood depots established.
  • 1947: Formation of AABB (American Association of Blood Banks).
  • 1950: Glycerol cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells reported.
  • 1953: Plastic blood collection bags introduced.
  • 1950s: Establishment of hospital and community blood banks accelerated.
  • 1960s: Improved preservative solutions, AABB standards, antihemophilic factor/AHF concentrates, therapeutic plasmapheresis development.
  • 1970s-1980s: Platelet storage advancements, volunteer donor systems, HBV screening tests, and advancements in transfusion medicine.
  • 1980s: Component therapy/fractionation accelerated by refrigerated centrifuges.
  • Late 20th Century/ Early 21st Century: Advancements in blood safety, such as HIV and HCV testing (HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV p24 antigen tests), and blood safety guidance.
  • 2003: West Nile virus screening for blood products.

Genetics and Blood Types

  • ABO blood system discovered (1901).
  • Karl Landsteiner's work led to a Nobel Prize.
  • Blood types A, B, AB, and O, with corresponding antibodies.
  • Naturally occurring antibodies in different blood types.
  • ABO blood types inherited and have corresponding antigens.

Important Discoveries/Developments

  • Anti-human globulin (AHG) test (Coombs Test).
  • Citrate-dextrose (ACD)/CPD/CPDA-1: essential anticoagulant preservatives.
  • Blood typing and cross-matching procedures.
  • Universal donor/recipient concepts.
  • Various blood components' storage and transportation methods were improved.
  • Blood banking standards were established.

Inheritance Patterns

  • Mendelian laws (segregation and independent assortment) apply to blood group inheritance.

Key Terms

  • Agglutinogen (antigen): substances on red blood cells.
  • Agglutinin (antibody): substances in blood plasma that react with corresponding antigens.
  • Hemophilia: excessive bleeding, an X-linked trait.

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IMHM311LEC Immunohematology Lecture PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of immunohematology, including blood preservation research, the ABO Blood Group system, and key genetic concepts related to blood types. This quiz will challenge your understanding of inheritance, genotype relationships, and historical contributions to the field.

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