Immunohematology and Blood Types Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the first example of blood preservation research?

  • Use of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant (correct)
  • Discovery of the ABO Blood Group system
  • Development of blood type genetics
  • Transfusion of milk from cows and goats

    • Who discovered the ABO Blood Group system?

  • Karl Landsteiner (correct)
  • Earl Joseph D. Catampatan
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Gregory Mendel

    • Which blood types are part of the ABO Blood Group system?

  • A, B, O (correct)
  • A, B, AB
  • A, B, O, AB
  • AB, O, Rh

    • What was a key observation made by Karl Landsteiner regarding blood types?

    <p>Presence of agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the term 'alleles' in genetics?

    <p>Alternative forms of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of using milk for transfusions by US physicians from 1873 to 1880?

    <p>To mitigate infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a homozygous genotype?

    <p>It has two identical alleles for a given trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Mendel’s Law of Inheritance, what does the term 'dominant' refer to?

    <p>A gene that is always expressed regardless of the allele present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Braxton Hicks contribute to the field of immunohematology?

    <p>Introduction of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law pertains to the separation of inheritance traits according to Mendelian genetics?

    <p>Law of Independent Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a codominant gene relationship?

    <p>Both alleles are expressed equally without one dominating the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'sex-linked' traits?

    <p>Traits governed by genes located on the sex chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about blood types is false?

    <p>Type A blood contains B agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Lee-White clotting time procedure?

    <p>To determine the clotting time of a patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

    <p>O Rh negative (O-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Rh blood group specifically refer to?

    <p>The D antigen present on red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are isolated through cold ethanol fractionation?

    <p>Albumin, gamma globulin, and fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Rh positive blood?

    <p>It contains the D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to patients who can receive any blood type during transfusions?

    <p>Universal recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Lee-White clotting time support surgical procedures?

    <p>It determines the clotting time for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of crystalloid solutions in emergency cases?

    <p>They can replace red blood cells temporarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which decade was the concept of the blood bank first established?

    <p>1940's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a single bag for blood collection?

    <p>To collect, store, and transfuse whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was established in 1953 to facilitate blood exchange among banks?

    <p>AABB Clearinghouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood bag allows for the separation of red cells, platelet concentrate, and plasma?

    <p>Triple Bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with creating the first hospital blood bank in the United States?

    <p>Bernard Fantus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the quadruple bag enable in blood component separation?

    <p>Separation into red cells, platelet concentrate, cryoprecipitate, and plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor that led to the establishment of blood preservation research?

    <p>High casualty rates during the war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What graphical representation is used for females in pedigree analysis?

    <p>Circles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a double line between a male and female signify in a pedigree chart?

    <p>A consanguineous mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation consists of all red or all white flowers in Mendel's plant experiment?

    <p>Parental generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a stillbirth or abortion indicated in a pedigree chart?

    <p>A small black circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the arrow in a pedigree chart indicate?

    <p>The most important member of the pedigree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the inheritance patterns mentioned?

    <p>Y-linked Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a line crossed through a symbol indicate in pedigree analysis?

    <p>A deceased family member</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the crossbreeding of homozygous red and homozygous white flowers, what generation is produced?

    <p>First-filial generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be absent in plasma if an agglutinogen is present on the red blood cell membrane?

    <p>Agglutinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type contains antibodies that are anti-A?

    <p>Blood Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant discovery by Karl Landsteiner in the early 1920s?

    <p>Establishment of ABO blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical substances reduce or prevent blood coagulation?

    <p>Anti-coagulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a transfusion reaction?

    <p>Activation of immune response to foreign material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves preventing clotting by sewing a recipient's vein to a donor's artery?

    <p>Anastomosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the agglutinins in Blood Type O target?

    <p>Anti-A and Anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of immunohematology?

    <p>To provide compatible blood for transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Coombs Test detect?

    <p>Presence of unidentified antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the discovery of blood type AB occur?

    <p>1902</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main challenge during the first recorded blood transfusion in 1492?

    <p>Preventing clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does heparin serve as in blood banking?

    <p>An anti-coagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was suggested by Ludvig Hektoen regarding transfusion safety?

    <p>Implementation of crossmatching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant advancement occurred in blood banking in 1867?

    <p>Use of antiseptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunohematology

    • Immunohematology is a branch of hematology examining antigen-antibody reactions in blood disorders. It studies blood and blood component preparation for transfusions and selecting compatible blood components.
    • Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood can trigger an immune response, a foreign material signal, and potential fatal transfusion reactions if not resolved quickly.
    • The goal is providing compatible blood for patients.

    Blood Banking

    • Refers to collecting, storing, processing blood, and distributing blood cells/components.
    • Objectives are fulfilling blood-bag functions and ensuring blood compatibility for transfusions.

    Transfusion Medicine/Transfusiology

    • Branch of medicine dealing with blood and component transfusions.

    Historical Overview

    • 1492: First recorded blood transfusion (Pope Innocent VII).
    • 1867: Clotting was a major obstacle in early transfusions as anti-coagulants were not yet known.
    • 1873-1880: US physicians used milk transfusions to mitigate infectious diseases.
    • 1913: First successful blood transfusion.
    • 1914: Unprecedented success in blood transfusion.
    • 1915: Sodium citrate used as an anticoagulant for transfusions.
    • 1916: Minimizing citrate toxicity determined for safer anticoagulation.
    • 1927-1947: Preservative solutions developed for extending blood viability.
    • 1939-1940: Rh blood group system discovered.
    • 1943: Cold ethanol fractionation process for separating blood components.
    • 1945: Hospital-based blood depots established.
    • 1947: Formation of AABB (American Association of Blood Banks).
    • 1950: Glycerol cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells reported.
    • 1953: Plastic blood collection bags introduced.
    • 1950s: Establishment of hospital and community blood banks accelerated.
    • 1960s: Improved preservative solutions, AABB standards, antihemophilic factor/AHF concentrates, therapeutic plasmapheresis development.
    • 1970s-1980s: Platelet storage advancements, volunteer donor systems, HBV screening tests, and advancements in transfusion medicine.
    • 1980s: Component therapy/fractionation accelerated by refrigerated centrifuges.
    • Late 20th Century/ Early 21st Century: Advancements in blood safety, such as HIV and HCV testing (HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV p24 antigen tests), and blood safety guidance.
    • 2003: West Nile virus screening for blood products.

    Genetics and Blood Types

    • ABO blood system discovered (1901).
    • Karl Landsteiner's work led to a Nobel Prize.
    • Blood types A, B, AB, and O, with corresponding antibodies.
    • Naturally occurring antibodies in different blood types.
    • ABO blood types inherited and have corresponding antigens.

    Important Discoveries/Developments

    • Anti-human globulin (AHG) test (Coombs Test).
    • Citrate-dextrose (ACD)/CPD/CPDA-1: essential anticoagulant preservatives.
    • Blood typing and cross-matching procedures.
    • Universal donor/recipient concepts.
    • Various blood components' storage and transportation methods were improved.
    • Blood banking standards were established.

    Inheritance Patterns

    • Mendelian laws (segregation and independent assortment) apply to blood group inheritance.

    Key Terms

    • Agglutinogen (antigen): substances on red blood cells.
    • Agglutinin (antibody): substances in blood plasma that react with corresponding antigens.
    • Hemophilia: excessive bleeding, an X-linked trait.

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    IMHM311LEC Immunohematology Lecture PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of immunohematology, including blood preservation research, the ABO Blood Group system, and key genetic concepts related to blood types. This quiz will challenge your understanding of inheritance, genotype relationships, and historical contributions to the field.

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