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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of IgA in the immune system?
What is the primary role of IgA in the immune system?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for crossing the placenta?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for crossing the placenta?
What type of vaccine are MMR and varicella classified as?
What type of vaccine are MMR and varicella classified as?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in the inflammatory response?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in the inflammatory response?
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What is the definition of a titer?
What is the definition of a titer?
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Which statement best describes passive immunity?
Which statement best describes passive immunity?
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Inactivated vaccines contain microbes that have been:
Inactivated vaccines contain microbes that have been:
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What is the function of booster doses in vaccination?
What is the function of booster doses in vaccination?
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Which of the following vaccines uses recombinant technology?
Which of the following vaccines uses recombinant technology?
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Memory B cells are primarily responsible for:
Memory B cells are primarily responsible for:
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What is a significant consequence of administering Naloxone to a patient with physical dependence on opioids?
What is a significant consequence of administering Naloxone to a patient with physical dependence on opioids?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Ibuprofen?
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Ibuprofen?
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What potential adverse effect of Aspirin is associated with Salicylism?
What potential adverse effect of Aspirin is associated with Salicylism?
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What does the administration of Naloxone suggest about the patient's condition?
What does the administration of Naloxone suggest about the patient's condition?
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Which action determines the effectiveness of COX-2 inhibitors compared to non-selective NSAIDs?
Which action determines the effectiveness of COX-2 inhibitors compared to non-selective NSAIDs?
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What potential adverse effect must be monitored in patients receiving supportive measures for opioid overdose?
What potential adverse effect must be monitored in patients receiving supportive measures for opioid overdose?
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Which of the following is true regarding the treatment with Celecoxib?
Which of the following is true regarding the treatment with Celecoxib?
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What significant nursing consideration is necessary when administering Naloxone?
What significant nursing consideration is necessary when administering Naloxone?
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What is the primary role of helper T cells in the immune system?
What is the primary role of helper T cells in the immune system?
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Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Prolonged therapy with interferon alfa-2b?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Prolonged therapy with interferon alfa-2b?
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What is a significant interaction that can occur with cyclosporine?
What is a significant interaction that can occur with cyclosporine?
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What is the therapeutic use of Narcan (naloxone)?
What is the therapeutic use of Narcan (naloxone)?
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What type of drug is ibuprofen categorized as?
What type of drug is ibuprofen categorized as?
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What is the mechanism of action for the analgesic morphine?
What is the mechanism of action for the analgesic morphine?
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Which symptom is associated with the use of immunosuppressants like cyclosporine?
Which symptom is associated with the use of immunosuppressants like cyclosporine?
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What role does interleukin play in the immune system?
What role does interleukin play in the immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic pain?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic pain?
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When should ibuprofen be administered to prevent gastrointestinal discomfort?
When should ibuprofen be administered to prevent gastrointestinal discomfort?
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What immediate effect does naloxone have when administered to a patient with opioid dependence?
What immediate effect does naloxone have when administered to a patient with opioid dependence?
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Which action is critical for a nurse to take when administering naloxone?
Which action is critical for a nurse to take when administering naloxone?
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Which of the following side effects is primarily linked to the use of aspirin?
Which of the following side effects is primarily linked to the use of aspirin?
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How does ibuprofen primarily exert its analgesic effects?
How does ibuprofen primarily exert its analgesic effects?
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Which condition is a significant contraindication for prescribing ibuprofen?
Which condition is a significant contraindication for prescribing ibuprofen?
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What distinguishes celecoxib from traditional NSAIDs?
What distinguishes celecoxib from traditional NSAIDs?
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Which immunoglobulin has a long-lasting effect due to its ability to cross the placenta?
Which immunoglobulin has a long-lasting effect due to its ability to cross the placenta?
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What does the term 'active immunity' refer to?
What does the term 'active immunity' refer to?
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Which type of vaccine requires a follow-up dose to sustain immunity?
Which type of vaccine requires a follow-up dose to sustain immunity?
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Why should live vaccines like MMR and varicella be avoided in immunocompromised patients?
Why should live vaccines like MMR and varicella be avoided in immunocompromised patients?
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What is the primary purpose of memory B cells in the immune response?
What is the primary purpose of memory B cells in the immune response?
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Which of the following describes a toxoid vaccine?
Which of the following describes a toxoid vaccine?
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What does the term 'booster' refer to in the context of vaccination?
What does the term 'booster' refer to in the context of vaccination?
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What defines passive immunity?
What defines passive immunity?
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Which immunoglobulin is specifically involved in protecting mucosal tissues?
Which immunoglobulin is specifically involved in protecting mucosal tissues?
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What is the primary method by which interferon alfa-2b acts as an immunostimulant?
What is the primary method by which interferon alfa-2b acts as an immunostimulant?
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Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with prolonged use of interferon alfa-2b?
Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with prolonged use of interferon alfa-2b?
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How does cyclosporine function as an immunosuppressant in transplant recipients?
How does cyclosporine function as an immunosuppressant in transplant recipients?
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What is the primary concern when administering morphine for pain management?
What is the primary concern when administering morphine for pain management?
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What distinguishes acute pain from chronic pain?
What distinguishes acute pain from chronic pain?
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Which of the following interactions can significantly affect the absorption of cyclosporine?
Which of the following interactions can significantly affect the absorption of cyclosporine?
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In which scenario is the use of Narcan (naloxone) most critical?
In which scenario is the use of Narcan (naloxone) most critical?
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What should be monitored for patients taking ibuprofen, especially in long-term use?
What should be monitored for patients taking ibuprofen, especially in long-term use?
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Which immunostimulant primarily increases B cell activity in the immune response?
Which immunostimulant primarily increases B cell activity in the immune response?
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What is the effect of using NSAIDs like ibuprofen regarding COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition?
What is the effect of using NSAIDs like ibuprofen regarding COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition?
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Study Notes
Immunoglobulins
- IgG: Most abundant immunoglobulin, crosses placenta, protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses, activates the complement system.
- IgA: Secretory antibody, primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues, prevents virus and bacteria attachment to epithelial cells.
- IgM: First antibody produced in response to an infection, effective in forming immune complexes.
- IgE: Involved in the inflammatory response, associated with allergic reactions.
- Memory B cells: Produce antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen.
- Titer: Numerical measurement of antibody levels in the blood.
- Booster vaccinations: Follow-up doses required to maintain immunity.
Types of Immunity
- Passive Immunity: Transfer of preformed antibodies from one person to another.
- Active Immunity: Body's own production of antibodies in response to actual pathogens or vaccines.
Vaccine Types
- Attenuated (Live) Vaccines: Contain weakened live microbes, induce immune response without causing disease in healthy individuals (e.g., MMR, varicella).
- Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines: Contain inactivated microbes, may require boosters to maintain immunity (e.g., influenza, HPV, hepatitis A).
- Toxoid Vaccines: Contain inactivated toxins, stimulate antibody production against the toxin (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus).
- Recombinant Technology: Use portions of organisms or proteins created through biotechnology for vaccination.
T Cell Types
- Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8): Directly kill infected or cancerous cells.
- Helper T Cells (CD4): Activate B cells and other immune cells.
Immunostimulants
- Interferons: Boost immune response, produced via recombinant DNA technology, used to treat certain cancers and viral infections.
- Interleukins: Increase B cell levels, enhancing immune responses.
Prototype Drug: Interferon alfa-2b
- Class: Immunostimulant, biologic response modifier.
- Uses: Treats cancers, HPV, hepatitis B and C.
- Adverse Effects: Flu-like symptoms, depression, hepatotoxicity.
Echinacea purpurea
- Herbal remedy that increases phagocytosis and has some antiviral activity.
Patient Considerations Before Drug Administration
- Thorough health history assessment required (diseases, current medications, immunization history).
- Monitor baseline vital signs.
Immunosuppressants
- Required for organ transplantation to prevent rejection.
-
Prototype Drug: Cyclosporine
- Class: Immunosuppressant, calcineurin inhibitor.
- Actions: Inhibits helper T cells, often used with corticosteroids.
- Adverse Effects: Increased risk of malignancies and infections, reduced urine output.
Pain Management
- Nociceptors: Pain receptors that send signals to the spinal cord and brain.
- Pain types:
- Acute Pain: Rapid onset, severe intensity (8+/10).
- Chronic Pain: Long-term, harder to manage.
Opioid Mechanism
- Mu and Kappa Receptors: Targeted for pain relief.
- Naloxone (Narcan): Antidote for opioid overdose; reverses effects but may induce withdrawal symptoms.
Common Analgesics
- Morphine: Strong pain reliever for severe pain; risks include respiratory depression.
- Ibuprofen: NSAID that inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, used for mild to moderate pain and inflammation; adverse effects include GI issues.
- Aspirin: NSAID with anticoagulant properties; risks include GI bleeding and Reye syndrome.
- Celecoxib: COX-2 inhibitor, used for inflammation; take with food to reduce ulcer risk.
General Nursing Considerations
- Administer with food/milk to minimize GI distress.
- Monitor for signs of bleeding and kidney function.
- PCA (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) requires double verification by nurses for setup and dosing.
Immunoglobulins
- IgG: Most abundant immunoglobulin, crosses placenta, protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses, activates the complement system.
- IgA: Secretory antibody, primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues, prevents virus and bacteria attachment to epithelial cells.
- IgM: First antibody produced in response to an infection, effective in forming immune complexes.
- IgE: Involved in the inflammatory response, associated with allergic reactions.
- Memory B cells: Produce antibodies upon re-exposure to an antigen.
- Titer: Numerical measurement of antibody levels in the blood.
- Booster vaccinations: Follow-up doses required to maintain immunity.
Types of Immunity
- Passive Immunity: Transfer of preformed antibodies from one person to another.
- Active Immunity: Body's own production of antibodies in response to actual pathogens or vaccines.
Vaccine Types
- Attenuated (Live) Vaccines: Contain weakened live microbes, induce immune response without causing disease in healthy individuals (e.g., MMR, varicella).
- Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines: Contain inactivated microbes, may require boosters to maintain immunity (e.g., influenza, HPV, hepatitis A).
- Toxoid Vaccines: Contain inactivated toxins, stimulate antibody production against the toxin (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus).
- Recombinant Technology: Use portions of organisms or proteins created through biotechnology for vaccination.
T Cell Types
- Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8): Directly kill infected or cancerous cells.
- Helper T Cells (CD4): Activate B cells and other immune cells.
Immunostimulants
- Interferons: Boost immune response, produced via recombinant DNA technology, used to treat certain cancers and viral infections.
- Interleukins: Increase B cell levels, enhancing immune responses.
Prototype Drug: Interferon alfa-2b
- Class: Immunostimulant, biologic response modifier.
- Uses: Treats cancers, HPV, hepatitis B and C.
- Adverse Effects: Flu-like symptoms, depression, hepatotoxicity.
Echinacea purpurea
- Herbal remedy that increases phagocytosis and has some antiviral activity.
Patient Considerations Before Drug Administration
- Thorough health history assessment required (diseases, current medications, immunization history).
- Monitor baseline vital signs.
Immunosuppressants
- Required for organ transplantation to prevent rejection.
-
Prototype Drug: Cyclosporine
- Class: Immunosuppressant, calcineurin inhibitor.
- Actions: Inhibits helper T cells, often used with corticosteroids.
- Adverse Effects: Increased risk of malignancies and infections, reduced urine output.
Pain Management
- Nociceptors: Pain receptors that send signals to the spinal cord and brain.
- Pain types:
- Acute Pain: Rapid onset, severe intensity (8+/10).
- Chronic Pain: Long-term, harder to manage.
Opioid Mechanism
- Mu and Kappa Receptors: Targeted for pain relief.
- Naloxone (Narcan): Antidote for opioid overdose; reverses effects but may induce withdrawal symptoms.
Common Analgesics
- Morphine: Strong pain reliever for severe pain; risks include respiratory depression.
- Ibuprofen: NSAID that inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, used for mild to moderate pain and inflammation; adverse effects include GI issues.
- Aspirin: NSAID with anticoagulant properties; risks include GI bleeding and Reye syndrome.
- Celecoxib: COX-2 inhibitor, used for inflammation; take with food to reduce ulcer risk.
General Nursing Considerations
- Administer with food/milk to minimize GI distress.
- Monitor for signs of bleeding and kidney function.
- PCA (Patient-Controlled Analgesia) requires double verification by nurses for setup and dosing.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge about various immunoglobulins, including IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, as well as the roles they play in the immune system. This quiz will also cover memory B cells and concepts such as antibody titer and booster doses.
