Immunoglobulin Antibodies: Structure and Classes

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What does a high ratio of IgM to IgG in the bloodstream indicate?

The infection is in its early stages (correct)

The infection is in its later stages

The infection has been resolved

The patient has a strong immune response

What is the main function of IgA antibodies?

Cause allergic reactions

Neutralize extracellular pathogens and toxins

Initiate the immune response

Provide localized protection of mucosal surfaces (correct)

What is the main function of IgD antibodies on the B cell surface?

Provide localized protection of mucosal surfaces

Cause allergic reactions

Activate B cells to initiate an immune response (correct)

Neutralize extracellular pathogens

Which type of antibody is responsible for allergic reactions?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of antibodies in the humoral immune response?

Neutralize extracellular pathogens and toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of IgD antibodies in the serum?

3 days Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines how strongly and stably an antibody binds to a specific antigen?

Affinity Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antibodies, what does avidity depend on?

The number of identical binding sites on the antigen Signup and view all the answers

How do multimeric antibodies like pentameric IgM compare in terms of affinity and avidity to monomeric antibodies?

Lower affinity but higher avidity Signup and view all the answers

What is cross reactivity in the context of antibodies?

When an antibody binds to a different antigen than the one it was produced against Signup and view all the answers

Why can multimeric antibodies still effectively defend against pathogens despite having lower affinity?

They have multiple binding sites for antigens Signup and view all the answers

How do epitopes contribute to cross reactivity?

Epitopes correspond to small regions that can exhibit molecular identities similar to other antigens Signup and view all the answers

What region of an antibody molecule is responsible for forming the antigen binding site?

V region Signup and view all the answers

Which region of an antibody molecule displays wide variation in amino acid sequences?

V region Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the C-region of an antibody molecule?

Forms the Fc fragment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunoglobulin has heavy chains known as gamma-chains?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of light chains found in antibody molecules?

Kappa and Lambda Signup and view all the answers

Where are the polypeptide protein sequences responsible for the differences in immunoglobulin heavy chains primarily found?

Fc fragment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IgM antibodies is true?

They are the first antibodies produced during an infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is not associated with IgG antibodies?

Agglutinating antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about IgG antibodies is false?

They are dimers. Signup and view all the answers

During the course of an infection, which of the following sequences is observed in the bloodstream?

IgM spike, then IgM decrease as IgG increases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about antibody valency is true?

Valency is determined by the number of Y-like units (monomers) that form the antibody. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about antibody location is false?

IgM can be found in the placenta. Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies are generated in a natural response or artificial immunization?

Polyclonal antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibodies are produced by a single clone and have a single specificity?

Monoclonal antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of monoclonal antibodies over polyclonal antibodies in terms of batch-to-batch variation?

Batch consistency Signup and view all the answers

Which application involves monoclonal antibodies that recognize tumor antigens radiolabeled with iodine I-131?

Diagnostic imaging Signup and view all the answers

Why are monoclonal antibodies considered powerful tools for clinical diagnostic tests?

Provide reproducible results Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect do artificial antibodies derived from different B lymphocytes cell lines differ from those derived from a single B cell clone?

Variability in specificity Signup and view all the answers