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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the carrier group in an immunogenic substance?
What is the function of the carrier group in an immunogenic substance?
Which component of an antigen molecule is responsible for specificity?
Which component of an antigen molecule is responsible for specificity?
How does the difference in structure between a foreign antigen and an animal's own antigen affect the immune response intensity?
How does the difference in structure between a foreign antigen and an animal's own antigen affect the immune response intensity?
What are determinants or epitopes of an antigen?
What are determinants or epitopes of an antigen?
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Which cell type specifically binds to determinants or epitopes of an antigen?
Which cell type specifically binds to determinants or epitopes of an antigen?
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What type of antigens can directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies without the need for T cell help?
What type of antigens can directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies without the need for T cell help?
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What is a characteristic feature of T-independent antigens?
What is a characteristic feature of T-independent antigens?
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Why do T-independent antigens persist for longer periods and continue stimulating the immune system?
Why do T-independent antigens persist for longer periods and continue stimulating the immune system?
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Which property is associated with T-independent antigens that can activate B cell clones specific for other antigens?
Which property is associated with T-independent antigens that can activate B cell clones specific for other antigens?
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What do polysaccharides generally represent in terms of antigenic classification?
What do polysaccharides generally represent in terms of antigenic classification?
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What distinguishes T-independent antigens from other types of antigens in terms of their immune responses?
What distinguishes T-independent antigens from other types of antigens in terms of their immune responses?
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What is the part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope called?
What is the part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope called?
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Which type of antigen lacks immunogenicity unless attached to a large carrier molecule?
Which type of antigen lacks immunogenicity unless attached to a large carrier molecule?
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What property do haptens have but lack immunogenicity unless attached to a large carrier?
What property do haptens have but lack immunogenicity unless attached to a large carrier?
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Which type of antigens are represented by various natural constituents seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms?
Which type of antigens are represented by various natural constituents seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms?
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Complete antigens have both colloidal support (carrier) and __________.
Complete antigens have both colloidal support (carrier) and __________.
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In the context of antigens, what are substances that are non-immunogenic but can react with the products of a specific immune response known as?
In the context of antigens, what are substances that are non-immunogenic but can react with the products of a specific immune response known as?
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What is the chemical nature of capsular antigens in most encapsulated bacteria?
What is the chemical nature of capsular antigens in most encapsulated bacteria?
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What is the role of anticapsular antibodies in an infected animal?
What is the role of anticapsular antibodies in an infected animal?
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What is the structure of a virus?
What is the structure of a virus?
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What is the source of endogenous antigens?
What is the source of endogenous antigens?
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What is the role of the capsule in bacteria?
What is the role of the capsule in bacteria?
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What is the role of foreign molecules in food?
What is the role of foreign molecules in food?
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What type of antigens are characterized by a few copies of many different antigenic determinants?
What type of antigens are characterized by a few copies of many different antigenic determinants?
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Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for most of its antigenicity?
Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for most of its antigenicity?
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What is the primary chemical nature of flagellar antigens (H antigens) extracted from bacterial flagella?
What is the primary chemical nature of flagellar antigens (H antigens) extracted from bacterial flagella?
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How do fimbrial antigens (F antigens) help some Gram-negative bacteria?
How do fimbrial antigens (F antigens) help some Gram-negative bacteria?
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Which component of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall is involved in the transport of ions across the cell wall?
Which component of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall is involved in the transport of ions across the cell wall?
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What is the role of pili (sex pili) in bacteria?
What is the role of pili (sex pili) in bacteria?
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What is the general immunogenicity of proteins?
What is the general immunogenicity of proteins?
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Which type of antigen is usually poorly immunogenic?
Which type of antigen is usually poorly immunogenic?
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What makes antigens more easily phagocytosed and generally more immunogenic?
What makes antigens more easily phagocytosed and generally more immunogenic?
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Why are lipids generally considered non-immunogenic?
Why are lipids generally considered non-immunogenic?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of good immunogens?
Which of the following is a characteristic of good immunogens?
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What distinguishes polysaccharides as good immunogens?
What distinguishes polysaccharides as good immunogens?
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What is the role of the determinants (epitopes) in an immunogenic substance?
What is the role of the determinants (epitopes) in an immunogenic substance?
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What does the carrier group in an immunogenic substance primarily contribute to?
What does the carrier group in an immunogenic substance primarily contribute to?
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What is the main function of the carrier in an immunogenic substance?
What is the main function of the carrier in an immunogenic substance?
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Which molecules' distinct surface features are capable of being bound specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells?
Which molecules' distinct surface features are capable of being bound specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells?
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In an immunogenic substance, what contributes more to the intensity of the immune response?
In an immunogenic substance, what contributes more to the intensity of the immune response?
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How do capsules protect bacteria?
How do capsules protect bacteria?
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What is the primary chemical nature of bacterial capsular antigens?
What is the primary chemical nature of bacterial capsular antigens?
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What is the role of endogenous antigens presented by MHC I?
What is the role of endogenous antigens presented by MHC I?
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What triggers an immune response to foreign molecules in food?
What triggers an immune response to foreign molecules in food?
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Which type of antigens are represented by the mosaic of protein molecules on mammalian cell membranes?
Which type of antigens are represented by the mosaic of protein molecules on mammalian cell membranes?
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Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular parasites?
Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular parasites?
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What is a defining property of T-independent antigens?
What is a defining property of T-independent antigens?
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How do T-independent antigens differ from other antigens in terms of B cell activation?
How do T-independent antigens differ from other antigens in terms of B cell activation?
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Which cells are directly stimulated by T-independent antigens for antibody production?
Which cells are directly stimulated by T-independent antigens for antibody production?
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What type of immune response do T-independent antigens generally evoke?
What type of immune response do T-independent antigens generally evoke?
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Why do T-independent antigens persist for longer periods within the immune system?
Why do T-independent antigens persist for longer periods within the immune system?
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Which feature distinguishes T-independent antigens from T-dependent antigens?
Which feature distinguishes T-independent antigens from T-dependent antigens?
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What type of response occurs when an animal mounts immune responses against normal body components?
What type of response occurs when an animal mounts immune responses against normal body components?
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Which of the following types of antigens can activate a large fraction of T cells, inducing a cytokine storm?
Which of the following types of antigens can activate a large fraction of T cells, inducing a cytokine storm?
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What is the characteristic of superantigens when compared to conventional T-dependent antigens in terms of T cell activation?
What is the characteristic of superantigens when compared to conventional T-dependent antigens in terms of T cell activation?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of superantigens associated with certain conditions or microorganisms?
Which of the following is NOT an example of superantigens associated with certain conditions or microorganisms?
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In superantigenic responses, what fraction of the T cell population can be activated by these antigens?
In superantigenic responses, what fraction of the T cell population can be activated by these antigens?
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What distinguishes superantigens from conventional T-dependent antigens in terms of the immune response they trigger?
What distinguishes superantigens from conventional T-dependent antigens in terms of the immune response they trigger?
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