5.1 Antigens
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the carrier group in an immunogenic substance?

  • Confer the size (correct)
  • Provide specificity
  • Activate immune cells
  • Enhance antigen-antibody binding

Which component of an antigen molecule is responsible for specificity?

  • Conferring size
  • Carrier
  • Macromolecular protein
  • Determinants (epitopes) (correct)

How does the difference in structure between a foreign antigen and an animal's own antigen affect the immune response intensity?

  • It increases the immune response (correct)
  • It reduces the immune response
  • It has no impact on the immune response
  • It weakens the immune response

What are determinants or epitopes of an antigen?

<p>Distinct molecular features (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type specifically binds to determinants or epitopes of an antigen?

<p>T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens can directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies without the need for T cell help?

<p>T-independent antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of T-independent antigens?

<p>Polymeric structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do T-independent antigens persist for longer periods and continue stimulating the immune system?

<p>They are resistant to degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is associated with T-independent antigens that can activate B cell clones specific for other antigens?

<p>Polyclonal activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do polysaccharides generally represent in terms of antigenic classification?

<p>T-independent antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes T-independent antigens from other types of antigens in terms of their immune responses?

<p>Polymeric structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope called?

<p>Paratope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigen lacks immunogenicity unless attached to a large carrier molecule?

<p>Haptens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property do haptens have but lack immunogenicity unless attached to a large carrier?

<p>Antigenicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigens are represented by various natural constituents seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms?

<p>Natural antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete antigens have both colloidal support (carrier) and __________.

<p>Epitopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antigens, what are substances that are non-immunogenic but can react with the products of a specific immune response known as?

<p>Haptens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical nature of capsular antigens in most encapsulated bacteria?

<p>Polysaccharidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anticapsular antibodies in an infected animal?

<p>They enhance phagocytosis and intracellular destruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a virus?

<p>Nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein layer and an envelope containing lipoproteins and glycoproteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of endogenous antigens?

<p>Cytoplasmic membrane of mammalian cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the capsule in bacteria?

<p>It protects against phagocytosis and intracellular destruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of foreign molecules in food?

<p>They can trigger an immune response and cause an allergic reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens are characterized by a few copies of many different antigenic determinants?

<p>T-dependent antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for most of its antigenicity?

<p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary chemical nature of flagellar antigens (H antigens) extracted from bacterial flagella?

<p>Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fimbrial antigens (F antigens) help some Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>By facilitating attachment to cell surfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall is involved in the transport of ions across the cell wall?

<p>Lipoteichoic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pili (sex pili) in bacteria?

<p>Mating and movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general immunogenicity of proteins?

<p>They are usually very good immunogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigen is usually poorly immunogenic?

<p>Nucleic acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes antigens more easily phagocytosed and generally more immunogenic?

<p>Degradability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are lipids generally considered non-immunogenic?

<p>They lack degradability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of good immunogens?

<p>Dependence on the degree of foreignness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes polysaccharides as good immunogens?

<p>Having a high degree of degradability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the determinants (epitopes) in an immunogenic substance?

<p>Providing specificity by being bound by antibodies, B cells, or T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the carrier group in an immunogenic substance primarily contribute to?

<p>Size and detectability of the molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the carrier in an immunogenic substance?

<p>Making the molecule detectable by the immune cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules' distinct surface features are capable of being bound specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells?

<p>Determinants (epitopes) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an immunogenic substance, what contributes more to the intensity of the immune response?

<p>Difference in structure between foreign antigens and animal's own antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do capsules protect bacteria?

<p>By overcoming the effects of the capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary chemical nature of bacterial capsular antigens?

<p>Polysaccharidic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of endogenous antigens presented by MHC I?

<p>Signal to cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an immune response to foreign molecules in food?

<p>Generating allergic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigens are represented by the mosaic of protein molecules on mammalian cell membranes?

<p>Nonmicrobial antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular parasites?

<p>As they require a living host cell for replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining property of T-independent antigens?

<p>Polymeric structure with repeated antigenic determinants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do T-independent antigens differ from other antigens in terms of B cell activation?

<p>T-independent antigens activate B cell clones specific for other antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are directly stimulated by T-independent antigens for antibody production?

<p>B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response do T-independent antigens generally evoke?

<p>Humoral response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do T-independent antigens persist for longer periods within the immune system?

<p>They resist degradation and have repeated antigenic determinants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes T-independent antigens from T-dependent antigens?

<p>Ability to activate B cells without T cell help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response occurs when an animal mounts immune responses against normal body components?

<p>Autoimmune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of antigens can activate a large fraction of T cells, inducing a cytokine storm?

<p>Superantigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of superantigens when compared to conventional T-dependent antigens in terms of T cell activation?

<p>Polyclonal activation of up to 25% of T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of superantigens associated with certain conditions or microorganisms?

<p>Influenza virus antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In superantigenic responses, what fraction of the T cell population can be activated by these antigens?

<p>Up to 25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes superantigens from conventional T-dependent antigens in terms of the immune response they trigger?

<p>Inducing a cytokine storm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Determinants (Epitopes)

Distinct molecular features on an antigen that are recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, and T cells.

Paratope

The part of an antibody that recognizes and binds to an epitope on an antigen.

Haptens

Substances that are not immunogenic on their own but become immunogenic when attached to a larger carrier molecule.

Natural Antigens

Antigens that are found naturally in animals, plants, and microorganisms.

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Artificial Antigens

Antigens that are created through human intervention, such as those used in vaccines.

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Immunogenic Substance

The portion of an antigen that is responsible for stimulating an immune response.

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Antigenicity

The ability of a substance to bind specifically to an antibody, B cell receptor, or T cell receptor.

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Immunogenicity

The ability of a substance to trigger an immune response, specifically the production of antibodies and the activation of T cells.

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T-dependent Antigens

The ability of a substance to stimulate T cells, which then indirectly activate B cells to produce antibodies.

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T-independent Antigens

Antigens that can directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies without the need for T cell help.

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Polyclonal Activation

A characteristic of T-independent antigens that allows them to activate B cells even if they are not specific for the antigen.

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Capsular Antigens

The chemical substance found on the outer surface of most encapsulated bacteria, often composed of polysaccharides.

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Protect Against Phagocytosis and Intracellular Destruction

The role of the capsule in bacteria is to:

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Nucleic Acid Core

The viral core containing the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of the virus.

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Protein Layer (Capsid)

The protein layer that surrounds the nucleic acid core of a virus.

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Envelope

The outer membrane of some viruses that is derived from the host cell membrane.

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Endogenous Antigens

Antigens that originate from within the cell, such as those generated during viral infection.

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Foreign Molecules

Molecules that are not from the body and can trigger an immune response.

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Nonmicrobial Antigens

Antigens that are found on the surface of mammalian cells.

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Mosaic Antigen

A complex molecule containing a variety of different antigenic determinants.

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

The major component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall that is responsible for much of its antigenicity.

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Flagellar Antigens (H Antigens)

Proteins that are found on the surface of bacterial flagella.

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Fimbrial Antigens (F Antigens)

Proteins that are found on the surface of bacteria that help them adhere to cells.

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Lipoteichoic Acids

A component of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall that is involved in the transport of ions across the cell wall.

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Pili

Hair-like structures on bacteria that are involved in mating (sex pili) or movement (common pili).

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Proteins

Organic molecules that are generally very good immunogens.

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Nucleic Acids

Molecules that are often poorly immunogenic.

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