Antigens and Immunogens
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of B cell receptors (BCR)?

  • To stimulate T cell receptors
  • To activate natural killer cells
  • To recognize antigens directly (correct)
  • To produce antibodies

    • Which type of antigens is usually associated with transplantations?

  • Alloantigens (correct)
  • Autoantigens
  • Superantigens
  • Heterophile antigens

    • What type of antigens can activate B and T cell receptors regardless of the receptor specificity?

  • Alloantigens
  • Mitogens
  • Superantigens (correct)
  • Autoantigens

    • What is the function of mitogens?

    <p>To activate B and T cells without antigen receptor stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antigens are derived from a different species but have shared epitopes across species?

    <p>Heterophile antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do autoantigens refer to?

    <p>Self-antigens; responses against these antigens produce autoimmunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of responses against autoantigens?

    <p>Autoimmunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes any substance that can induce an immune response?

    <p>Immunogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for specific region(s) of an immunogen or antigen that interacts directly with the immune receptor?

    <p>Epitope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates T cells by recognizing antigens displayed on MHC?

    <p>Antigen presenting cells (APC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes substances that can bind to immune receptors but not necessarily induce a response?

    <p>Hapten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to substances that enhance the immunogenicity of antigens?

    <p>Adjuvants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can activate up to 20% of all T cells by directly binding to the TCR, regardless of specificity?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the TCR beta chain does the superantigen primarily bind to?

    <p>V region in domain 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can activate B cells or T cells regardless of antigen specificity, leading to polyclonal lymphocyte activation?

    <p>Mitogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells do adjuvants mainly target?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adjuvants in vaccine formulations?

    <p>To increase the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between affinity and avidity of antigen receptors?

    <p>Affinity relates to a single binding site, while avidity relates to the strength of interaction of all antigen binding sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of molecules operate to increase the immune response by stimulating antigen presenting cell function?

    <p>Adjuvants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules can help antigens become more immunogenic and are often included in vaccine formulations?

    <p>&quot;Adjuvants&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Oil emulsion" is an example of which mechanism of action for adjuvants?

    <p>&quot;Increase the half-life of the antigen&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the immunogenicity of antigens?

    <p>Proximity to white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of TAP-1 and TAP-2 in antigen presentation?

    <p>Transporting degraded antigens into the endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteasomes in antigen presentation?

    <p>Degrading antigens for presentation to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response?

    <p>Hapten-specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of antigen administration generally results in the most robust immune response?

    <p>Subcutaneous or intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the specificity of antibodies?

    <p>Epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antigens can activate T cells without regard to their specificity?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the affinity of peptides for T cell receptors?

    <p>Size and complexity of the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common classes of antigens?

    <p>Polysaccharides and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does previous exposure to antigens impact the immune response?

    <p>By increasing the availability of T and B cells for response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to substances that can bind to immune receptors but not necessarily induce a response?

    <p>Haptens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adjuvants in vaccine formulations?

    <p>Stimulate antigen presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do autoantigens refer to?

    <p>Antigens derived from the host's own tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of antigens can activate B and T cell receptors regardless of the receptor specificity, leading to polyclonal lymphocyte activation?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens are derived from a different species but have shared epitopes across species?

    <p>Heterophile antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to self-antigens; responses against these antigens produce autoimmunity?

    <p>Autoantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for substances that can bind to immune receptors but not necessarily induce a response?

    <p>Haptens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can activate T cells without regard to their specificity?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common classes of antigens?

    <p>Proteins and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action for adjuvants involves increasing the half-life of the antigen by ensuring slow, continuous release over time?

    <p>Increasing the half-life of the antigen through slow, continuous release over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region of the TCR beta chain that is bound by superantigens?

    <p>V region in domain 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the strength of interaction of a single antigenic epitope with a single binding site of a BCR or TCR?

    <p>Affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of adjuvants' mechanism of action?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antigens can activate B and T cell receptors regardless of their specificity?

    <p>Superantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antigens require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response?

    <p>Haptens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Antigen immunogenicity is influenced by various host factors and characteristics of the antigen itself

    • Genetics plays a role in antigen presentation through the action of proteasomes, TAP-1 and TAP-2, and major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)

    • Previous exposures to antigens result in the generation of memory populations of T and B cells that can impact responses to new antigens

    • Immunogens are complex molecules that can be easily distinguished as foreign and require degradation for presentation to T cells

    • Size, epitope density, and foreignness are important factors that influence the immunogenicity of antigens

    • Immunodominant epitopes are the most immunogenic and elicit the strongest immune responses

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and size, complexity, and repetitive structures are important factors in their immunogenicity

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells without regard to their specificity.

    • The immune response to antigens is influenced by various factors including the route of administration, the presence of memory cells, and the molecular characteristics of the antigen itself.

    • Antigen processing and presentation involves the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes, all of which can affect the affinity of peptides for T cell receptors.

    • Previous exposure to antigen can impact the immune response, with memory cells having a higher affinity for the antigen than naive cells, and the state of the immune system influencing the availability of T and B cells for response.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Immunodominant epitopes are the most immunogenic and elicit the strongest immune responses, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the immune response to a new antigen.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, with hapten-specific B cells and carrier protein-specific T cells being necessary for the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, with proteins being more immunogenic due to their structure and size, and polysaccharides being more immunogenic due to their repetitive structure and association with proteins.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells without regard to their specificity, and microbial antigens are the most common sources of superantigens.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody.

    • T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC complexes, and their specificity is determined by the peptides that bind to the T cell receptor.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells in a non-specific manner, and are often found in microbial infections.

    • Antigens are processed and presented to the immune system through various mechanisms, including the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes.

    • Previous exposure to antigens can impact the immune response through the generation of memory cells, and the presence of these memory cells can influence the nature of the response to a new antigen.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and their size, complexity, and structure are important factors in their immunogenicity.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody.

    • T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC complexes, and their specificity is determined by the peptides that bind to the T cell receptor.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells in a non-specific manner, and are often found in microbial infections.

    • Antigens are processed and presented to the immune system through various mechanisms, including the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes.

    • Previous exposure to antigens can impact the immune response through the generation of memory cells, and the presence of these memory cells can influence the nature of the response to a new antigen.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and their size, complexity, and structure are important factors in their immunogenicity.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody.

    • T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC complexes, and their specificity is determined by the peptides that bind to the T cell receptor.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells in a non-specific manner, and are often found in microbial infections.

    • Antigens are processed and presented to the immune system through various mechanisms, including the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes.

    • Previous exposure to antigens can impact the immune response through the generation of memory cells, and the presence of these memory cells can influence the nature of the response to a new antigen.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and their size, complexity, and structure are important factors in their immunogenicity.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the

    • Antigen immunogenicity is influenced by various host factors and characteristics of the antigen itself

    • Genetics plays a role in antigen presentation through the action of proteasomes, TAP-1 and TAP-2, and major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)

    • Previous exposures to antigens result in the generation of memory populations of T and B cells that can impact responses to new antigens

    • Immunogens are complex molecules that can be easily distinguished as foreign and require degradation for presentation to T cells

    • Size, epitope density, and foreignness are important factors that influence the immunogenicity of antigens

    • Immunodominant epitopes are the most immunogenic and elicit the strongest immune responses

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and size, complexity, and repetitive structures are important factors in their immunogenicity

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells without regard to their specificity.

    • The immune response to antigens is influenced by various factors including the route of administration, the presence of memory cells, and the molecular characteristics of the antigen itself.

    • Antigen processing and presentation involves the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes, all of which can affect the affinity of peptides for T cell receptors.

    • Previous exposure to antigen can impact the immune response, with memory cells having a higher affinity for the antigen than naive cells, and the state of the immune system influencing the availability of T and B cells for response.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Immunodominant epitopes are the most immunogenic and elicit the strongest immune responses, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the immune response to a new antigen.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, with hapten-specific B cells and carrier protein-specific T cells being necessary for the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, with proteins being more immunogenic due to their structure and size, and polysaccharides being more immunogenic due to their repetitive structure and association with proteins.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells without regard to their specificity, and microbial antigens are the most common sources of superantigens.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody.

    • T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC complexes, and their specificity is determined by the peptides that bind to the T cell receptor.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells in a non-specific manner, and are often found in microbial infections.

    • Antigens are processed and presented to the immune system through various mechanisms, including the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes.

    • Previous exposure to antigens can impact the immune response through the generation of memory cells, and the presence of these memory cells can influence the nature of the response to a new antigen.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and their size, complexity, and structure are important factors in their immunogenicity.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody.

    • T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC complexes, and their specificity is determined by the peptides that bind to the T cell receptor.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells in a non-specific manner, and are often found in microbial infections.

    • Antigens are processed and presented to the immune system through various mechanisms, including the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes.

    • Previous exposure to antigens can impact the immune response through the generation of memory cells, and the presence of these memory cells can influence the nature of the response to a new antigen.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and their size, complexity, and structure are important factors in their immunogenicity.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the antibody.

    • T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC complexes, and their specificity is determined by the peptides that bind to the T cell receptor.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Immunogenicity is influenced by various factors including the size, structure, and foreignness of the antigen, and the presence of memory cells and the state of the immune system.

    • Superantigens are unique antigens that can activate T cells in a non-specific manner, and are often found in microbial infections.

    • Antigens are processed and presented to the immune system through various mechanisms, including the proteasome system, TAP transporters, and major histocompatibility complexes.

    • Previous exposure to antigens can impact the immune response through the generation of memory cells, and the presence of these memory cells can influence the nature of the response to a new antigen.

    • Immunogens can be categorized based on their chemical structure, with homopolymers being less immunogenic than heteropolymers, and the necessity of degradation and foreignness increasing the immunogenicity of antigens.

    • Haptens, small organic molecules, require conjugation to a carrier protein to induce an immune response, and the presence of memory cells can influence the nature of the response.

    • Proteins and polysaccharides are the most common classes of antigens, and their size, complexity, and structure are important factors in their immunogenicity.

    • The immune response is influenced by the route of antigen administration, with the most robust responses occurring after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, and the poorest responses occurring after intravascular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal administration.

    • Antibodies are generated in response to antigens, and their specificity is determined by the epitopes on the antigen that bind to the

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