Questions and Answers
Define the structure of the antibody.
Which antibodies are found on immature B Cells?
Define the answer.
4 is correct.
The light chains don't change.
Signup and view all the answers
How is diversity achieved with respect to antibodies?
Signup and view all the answers
Define the chromosomal arrangement of the heavy and light chain genes.
Signup and view all the answers
Notice the relative position of the heavy chain constant region of genes.
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the diversity by combinatorial diversity.
Signup and view all the answers
Review this slide.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the rules of recombination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the 12/23 rule?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe this slide.
Signup and view all the answers
How does junctional diversity occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Review.
Signup and view all the answers
Continue review.
Signup and view all the answers
What is Allelic exclusion?
Signup and view all the answers
Review this slide.
Signup and view all the answers
Review in detail.
Signup and view all the answers
What has to happen to complete class switching?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines the class switching?
Signup and view all the answers
Define the cytokine stimulation.
Signup and view all the answers
Review.
Signup and view all the answers
Answer this class question.
Signup and view all the answers
Define the somatic hypermutation, which introduces base changes in the antibody V region.
Signup and view all the answers
What leads to AID transcription?
Signup and view all the answers
What is AID?
Signup and view all the answers
How does AID of cytosine to uracil lead to hypermutation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an AID deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure of T Cell Receptor?
Signup and view all the answers
Review the summary...many times.
Signup and view all the answers
Wait, there is more review:
Signup and view all the answers
Inheritance of multiple C gene segments does not contribute to the generation of diversity of B-cell antigen receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Of what is the antibody-binding site primarily composed?
Signup and view all the answers
During the maturation of a B lymphocyte, what is the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized?
Signup and view all the answers
B-cell differentiation involves rearrangement of heavy-chain gene segments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the 12/23 rule?
Signup and view all the answers
A V, D, and J segment will only arrange with another gene segment that has the corresponding 12 or 23.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Antibody Structure
- Antibodies consist of heavy and light chains connected by disulfide bonds, featuring variable regions for antigen binding and constant regions for biological activity.
B Cell Antibodies
- Immature B cells express Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) on their surface.
Light Chain Stability
- The structure of light chains remains stable and does not change throughout B cell differentiation.
Antibody Diversity
- Diversity in antibodies is achieved through combinatorial diversity, including the joining of different heavy and light chain gene segments and junctional diversity from rearrangements during recombination.
Gene Arrangement
- The configuration of heavy and light chain genes involves both segments that are arranged on different chromosomes, with specific positions for heavy chain constant regions affecting antibody type.
Recombination Process
- Recombination events involve rearrangements, shifts, and deletions in gene segments, crucial for generating diverse antibody repertoires.
Recombination Rules
- Following the 12/23 rule, recombination can only occur between RSS sequences that have a 12 base pair or a 23 base pair spacer, ensuring correct gene segment arrangement.
Junctional Diversity
- Junctional diversity is a major contributor to antibody variability, thanks to nucleotide addition and deletion during recombination.
Allelic Exclusion
- Allelic exclusion ensures that a B cell expresses only one heavy chain and one light chain from either parental allele, promoting uniformity in antibody specificity.
Class Switching
- Class switching requires specific signals and is influenced by cytokine stimulation, determining the antibody type produced (e.g., IgA, IgE).
Somatic Hypermutation
- Somatic hypermutation introduces point mutations in the variable region of immunoglobulin genes, enhancing the affinity of antibodies for their antigens.
Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID)
- AID is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination by converting cytosine residues to uracil.
AID Deficiency
- Deficiency in AID can lead to immunodeficiency, as effective antibody diversity and affinity maturation are impaired.
T Cell Receptor Structure
- T Cell receptors are structurally similar to antibodies but are composed of alpha and beta chains, specific for recognizing peptide antigens presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules.
B Cell Development and Antibody Production
- During B cell maturation, the first immunoglobulin heavy chain synthesized is the mu heavy chain, crucial for producing the IgM antibody.
B Cell Differentiation
- B cell differentiation is characterized by rearrangements of heavy-chain gene segments, initiating in the bone marrow.
Antigen Binding Site
- The antibody binding site is primarily formed by hypervariable regions of both heavy and light chains, critical for specific antigen recognition.
C Gene Segments
- Inheritance of multiple constant (C) gene segments does not impact the diversity of B-cell antigen receptors but contributes to different antibody isotypes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on immunogenetics with these flashcards. Explore the structure of antibodies, the types present on immature B cells, and concepts of diversity in antibody formation. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of immunology.
