Immunoassays for PSA Detection

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What specific complex forms of PSA are detected by standard immunoassays?

All forms of PSA including α2-macroglobulin complexes
PSA complexed with α1-antichymotrypsin only
Free PSA only
Both free PSA and PSA complexed with α1-antichymotrypsin (correct)

Which of the following statements accurately reflects known interferences affecting PSA measurements?

The Hook effect enhances PSA readings.
HAMAs do not interfere with PSA measurements.
Both the Hook effect and HAMAs can lead to discrepancies in PSA results. (correct)
Interferences in PSA are only due to Hook effect.

What is a common platform technology used in the immunoassay for measuring PSA?

Gas chromatography
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Automated immunoassay platforms using fluorescence (correct)

Why might there be discrepancies in PSA results between different manufacturers?

Different antibodies recognizing various epitopes of PSA (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of PSA is NOT detected by standard immunoassays?

PSA complexed with α2-macroglobulin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What has primarily replaced the use of polyclonal antibodies in CEA assays?

Monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to use the same assay for serial monitoring of CEA?

Due to the heterogeneity of CEA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of CEA that impacts assay selection?

High variability among individual assays (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about CEA assays is true?

They can be found on various automated platforms. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of using different assays for CEA testing?

Confusion in interpreting CEA levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper normal limit for serum CA-125 measured in U/mL?

35 U/mL (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which antibodies are used in immunoassays to detect CA-125?

OC 125 and M11 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are results from different platforms detecting CA-125 not interchangeable?

They employ varying reagent detection methods. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the antibodies used for CA-125 detection?

They recognize distinct nonoverlapping regions of the CA-125 epitope. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the platforms available for CA-125 detection?

CA-125 is measurable on various automated platforms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunoassays is primarily used for measuring AFP?

Sandwich immunoassays using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring accurate serial monitoring of AFP levels?

Consistently using the same laboratory and assay (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the heterogeneity observed in AFP levels?

Differential isoform production by malignant cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following platforms is NOT listed as a commercially available automated immunoassay for measuring AFP?

Siemens Healthineers Atellica (C) Signup and view all the answers

How might the future of AFP immunoassays improve their specificity?

Through the development of antibodies targeting specific isoforms produced by malignant cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of total β-hCG assays over other types of hCG assays?

They provide a measure of both intact hormone and free β-hCG. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor patients using the same hCG assay technique?

Variability in hCG assays could affect the consistency of results. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies are typically utilized in automated hCG immunoassays?

Monoclonal capture and tracer antibodies targeting β subunits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of monoclonal antibodies used in hCG assays?

They target specific epitopes in the β subunit and intact hCG. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hCG assays is true?

It is essential to use consistent methods for patient monitoring due to assay variability. (B) Signup and view all the answers

PSA Measurement Method

PSA is measured using immunoassays, detecting free and complexed PSA, but not bound to α2-macroglobulin.

PSA Immunoassay Platforms

Commercial immunoassays use enzyme, fluorescence, or chemiluminescence on automated platforms.

PSA Discrepancy

Different PSA results might occur between manufacturers due to antibodies targeting different PSA forms.