Immunity: Protection Against Disease
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of innate immunity?

  • It has a specific response to antigens.
  • It is present from birth. (correct)
  • It involves memory of past infections.
  • It requires prior exposure to pathogens.

    • Which function is NOT associated with the immune system?

  • Mounting a specific response against non-self antigens.
  • Creating new pathogens. (correct)
  • Recognition of self from non-self antigens.
  • Memory of previously recognized non-self antigens.

    • What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

  • Adaptive immunity does not trigger responses.
  • Adaptive immunity is not present at birth. (correct)
  • Adaptive immunity has immediate protection.
  • Adaptive immunity lacks specificity.

    • Which type of immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from mother to child?

    <p>Passive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does innate immunity primarily function?

    <p>By providing immediate defense without prior exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of epithelial barriers in innate immunity?

    <p>To act as mechanical barriers against microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is true about the memory aspect of the immune response?

    <p>It is exclusive to adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the adaptive immune response play after the innate immune response?

    <p>It provides a specific and sustained response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the immune system is responsible for defense against intracellular microbes?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of adaptive immunity?

    <p>Slow to develop but powerful and specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause diseases of the immune system?

    <p>Failure or derangement of the immune system function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ do T cells primarily develop?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do regulatory T lymphocytes play in the immune response?

    <p>Suppress the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphoid organ?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>To destroy infected or tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?

    <p>To produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Natural Killer (NK) cells recognize abnormal cells?

    <p>Through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and perforin-granzymes system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibodies are first produced by plasma cells upon activation?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What markers are commonly used to identify Natural Killer (NK) cells?

    <p>CD16 and CD56</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of human peripheral lymphoid cells do NK cells comprise?

    <p>5% to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do inhibitory receptors on NK cells function?

    <p>They interact with MHC class I molecules to prevent killing of normal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do B lymphocytes develop into after stimulation?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surface molecules do NK cells use to recognize targets?

    <p>CD16 and CD56</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of opsonins in the immune response?

    <p>Enhancing the phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines primarily mediate inflammation and anti-viral defense?

    <p>TNF, IL-1, and IL-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?

    <p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of cytokines is primarily responsible for the stimulation of hematopoiesis?

    <p>Colony-Stimulating Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about monocytes is true?

    <p>Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages once activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cytokines and immune cells?

    <p>Cytokines mediate communication between various immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) play in the immune system?

    <p>Presenting antigen fragments to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cellular communication do cytokines facilitate in the immune system?

    <p>Soluble signals between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about MHC class I molecules is correct?

    <p>They are encoded by the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MHC class II molecules?

    <p>Presenting antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HLA-B27 is most strongly associated with which of the following conditions?

    <p>Ankylosing spondylitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes MHC class II molecules from MHC class I molecules?

    <p>Class II molecules are recognized by CD4+ T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function associated with MHC molecules?

    <p>Directly killing cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genes encoding MHC molecules are located on which chromosome in humans?

    <p>Chromosome 6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of MHC molecule is primarily expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells?

    <p>MHC class II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of MHC class III molecules?

    <p>Encoding components of the complement system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature B cells constitute 20% to 30% of the circulating peripheral lymphocyte population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary antibody produced by plasma cells is IgA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural Killer (NK) cells are classified as phagocytic lymphocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NK cells recognize abnormal cells primarily through a perforin-granzymes system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B cells can function as antigen presenting cells without prior activation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NK cells bear the markers CD16 and CD56, which are used to identify T lymphocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B-cell receptors (BCR) are composed of IgE and IgD on the surface of B cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural Killer cells comprise about 10% to 20% of human peripheral lymphoid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial barriers serve as mechanical barriers to protect against the entry of microbes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humoral immunity is primarily responsible for defending against intracellular microbes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CD8+ T cells are also known as helper T cells and play a role in suppressing the immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and bone marrow, are essential for the maturation of T cells and B cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adaptive immune response provides short-lasting immunity after exposure to an antigen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily responsible for the humoral immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both B and T lymphocytes have highly specific receptors for a wide variety of substances known as antigens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regulatory T lymphocytes express CD4 molecules and assist in enhancing the immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circulating monocytes make up approximately 10% of peripheral leukocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opsonization is the process by which pathogens are directly destroyed by immune cells without any prior coating.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines of Adaptive Immunity are primarily secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are membrane-bound proteins encoded by MHC genes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokines can stimulate hematopoiesis, increasing leukocyte numbers during immune responses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute phase reactants include cytokines like IL-4 and IL-17.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages are the only cells capable of secreting acute phase reactants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate immunity provides immediate protection but lacks specificity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opsonins are produced exclusively by phagocytic cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adaptive immune system develops memory cells upon first exposure to an antigen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunity can only be acquired through artificial means.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody formation is a major function of innate immunity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory is a characteristic feature of innate immunity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immunity can be categorized into active and passive types.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A primary characteristic of innate immunity is its ability to recognize self from non-self antigens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HLA class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets except erythrocytes and trophoblasts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CD4+ T cells recognize antigens in the context of self-class I molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell-mediated reactions are a specific function of the adaptive immune response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HLA-D consists of three sub-regions: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR, which are associated with class II MHC molecules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genes encoding Class III MHC molecules have apparent roles in the immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The HLA complex is primarily located on the long arm of chromosome 6 in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MHC class II molecules interact with CD8+ T lymphocytes during antigen presentation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HLA-B27 is associated with autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays no role in organ/tissue transplantation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of defensins in innate immunity?

    <p>Defensins are antimicrobial molecules produced by epithelial cells to protect against microbial invasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the adaptive immune system enhance the body's defense compared to the innate immune system?

    <p>The adaptive immune system provides specific and long-lasting protection through memory and prior exposure to antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the primary function of CD8+ T cells in cellular immunity.

    <p>CD8+ T cells function as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that destroy host cells infected by microbes or cancerous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary lymphoid organs from secondary lymphoid organs in the immune system?

    <p>Primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and bone marrow, are sites of lymphocyte development, while secondary lymphoid organs are where adaptive immune responses occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of regulatory T lymphocytes in the immune response.

    <p>Regulatory T lymphocytes suppress the immune response to prevent overactivity and maintain tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of humoral immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity is primarily mediated by B lymphocytes and their production of antibodies to protect against extracellular microbes and toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the two main components of adaptive immunity.

    <p>Adaptive immunity consists of humoral immunity mediated by B cells and cellular immunity mediated by T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do secondary lymphoid organs facilitate the generation of adaptive immunity?

    <p>Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, concentrate antigens and allow naïve lymphocytes to encounter them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first antibody produced by plasma cells upon activation?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of CD16 in the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells.

    <p>CD16 is an Fc receptor for IgG, allowing NK cells to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how NK cells differentiate between normal and abnormal cells.

    <p>NK cells use inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC class I molecules on healthy cells to avoid attacking them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells after they are stimulated by an antigen?

    <p>They develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the primary locations where mature B cells are distributed in the body.

    <p>Mature B cells are primarily found in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Outline the method by which NK cells induce apoptosis in target cells lacking MHC molecules.

    <p>NK cells use perforins to create holes in the target cell membrane, leading to apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the B-cell receptor (BCR) components on mature B cells?

    <p>BCRs are composed of IgM and IgD with unique antigen specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Natural Killer cells comprise a certain percentage of the human peripheral lymphoid cell population?

    <p>NK cells account for about 5% to 15% of the total human peripheral lymphoid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the immediate role of innate immunity in response to pathogens.

    <p>Innate immunity provides immediate initial protection against invading pathogens through general defenses that do not require prior exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key characteristics that differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity is present at birth, non-specific, and does not have memory, while adaptive immunity is developed through exposure, highly specific, and has memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the term 'memory' in the context of adaptive immunity and its absence in innate immunity.

    <p>In adaptive immunity, memory allows for a quicker and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same antigen, which is absent in innate immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does innate immunity trigger the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Innate immunity detects pathogens and activates various signals and cells that prompt the adaptive immune system to respond specifically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the importance of recognizing self from non-self antigens in the immune system.

    <p>Recognition of self from non-self antigens is crucial to avoid attacking the body's own tissues and to mount appropriate immune responses against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immunity, what does the term 'cell-mediated reactions' refer to?

    <p>Cell-mediated reactions involve immune cells (like T cells) directly attacking infected or abnormal cells without relying on antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify and explain the significance of one major dysfunction that can occur in the immune system.

    <p>One major dysfunction is the failure to recognize self-antigens, leading to autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks the body's own cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in the immune response and how does their formation occur?

    <p>Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that specifically bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key functions of macrophages?

    <p>Antigen recognition and phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does opsonization enhance the immune response?

    <p>Opsonization enhances phagocytosis by coating pathogens with opsonins like immunoglobulins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a major function of cytokines in the immune system.

    <p>Cytokines act as messenger molecules that mediate communication between immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cytokines are mainly produced by CD4+ T lymphocytes?

    <p>IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, and IFN-.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are colony-stimulating factors characterized by in terms of their function?

    <p>They stimulate hematopoiesis and increase leukocyte numbers during immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in the immune system.

    <p>MHC molecules present antigens on cell surfaces, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cytokines are produced rapidly in response to microbes?

    <p>Cytokines of innate immunity, such as TNF, IL-1, and IL-12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between the roles of opsonins and cytokines in the immune response.

    <p>Opsonins enhance phagocytosis by coating pathogens, while cytokines mediate communication and activate immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of MHC class I molecules?

    <p>MHC class I molecules are integral to the immune response to intracellular infections and tumors, interacting with CD8+ T lymphocytes during antigen presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are MHC class II molecules primarily expressed and what is their function?

    <p>MHC class II molecules are expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells like B lymphocytes and dendritic cells, and they assist in presenting antigens to CD4+ T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the genes that encode the human major histocompatibility complex and their significance.

    <p>The genes encoding MHC molecules are located on the short arm of chromosome 6 and are significant for ensuring effective immune responses and transplant compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing feature of MHC class III molecules?

    <p>MHC class III molecules encode components of the complement system and cytokines, playing a lesser-known role in the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the relationship between HLA and autoimmune diseases.

    <p>Certain HLA alleles are associated with the predisposition to autoimmune diseases, indicating a genetic link between HLA and immune system dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are MHC molecules critical in organ/tissue transplantation?

    <p>MHC molecules are critical in organ/tissue transplantation because they help determine compatibility between donor and recipient, influencing transplant acceptance or rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD4+ T cells in relation to MHC class II molecules?

    <p>CD4+ T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules and function as helper cells, crucial for activating both B cells and other immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the differences in antigen presentation between MHC class I and class II molecules.

    <p>MHC class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while MHC class II molecules present to CD4+ T cells, indicating distinct roles in immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the immune system with their primary functions:

    <p>Epithelial Barriers = Mechanical barriers against microbes NK cells = Destroy abnormal host cells B lymphocytes = Produce antibodies Macrophages = Phagocytosis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of immunity with their characteristics:

    <p>Innate immunity = Immediate response to pathogens Humoral immunity = Mediated by B cells and antibodies Cell-mediated immunity = Involves T lymphocytes Adaptive immunity = Long-lasting memory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the primary lymphoid organs with their functions:

    <p>Thymus = Development of T cells Bone marrow = Production of B cells Lymph nodes = Site of adaptive immune responses Spleen = Filters blood and responds to blood-borne pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of T cells with their roles:

    <p>CD8+ T cells = Cytotoxic response against infected cells Regulatory T cells = Suppress immune responses Helper T cells = Assist B cells in antibody production Memory T cells = Provide long-term immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of lymphocytes with their categories:

    <p>B lymphocytes = Humoral immunity CD4+ T cells = Helper T cells Neutrophils = Innate immunity Dendritic cells = Antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of immune responses with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary immune response = First exposure to an antigen Secondary immune response = Response to a re-exposure Innate immune response = Non-specific and immediate Adaptive immune response = Specific and memory-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune system cells with their characteristics:

    <p>Neutrophils = First responders to infection Basophils = Involved in allergic responses Macrophages = Phagocytosis and antigen presentation Eosinophils = Defense against parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of adaptive immune responses with their targets:

    <p>Humoral immunity = Extracellular microbes and toxins Cell-mediated immunity = Intracellular microbes and tumors Regulatory T cells = Control excessive immune responses Memory B cells = Long-term pathogen recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following B cell functions with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Production of antibodies = Secretion of various antibody classes like IgG, IgA Antigen presenting cell = Processing and presenting antigens to T cells Development into plasma cells = Transformation after stimulation by antigen Receptor specificity = Unique recognition of specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following markers or molecules with their associated cells:

    <p>CD16 = Natural Killer Cells IgM = Initial antibody produced by plasma cells CD56 = Surface marker for identifying NK cells B-cell Receptor (BCR) = Receptors on B cells composed of IgM and IgD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with the roles of Natural Killer (NK) cells:

    <p>Perforin-granzymes system = Mechanism used to induce apoptosis in abnormal cells ADCC = Killing of IgG-coated target cells Surface receptors = Recognition of MHC class I molecules Inhibitory receptors = Prevent killing of normal host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of antibodies to their primary functions:

    <p>IgG = Main antibody for secondary immune response IgA = Found in mucosal areas and secretions IgE = Involved in allergic reactions IgD = Function as a receptor on B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following B Lymphocyte characteristics with their respective details:

    <p>Peripheral distribution = 10% to 20% of circulating lymphocytes Mature site = Found in lymph nodes and spleen Activation = Stimulated by antigens to produce antibodies Unique specificity = Recognize distinct antigens through BCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following NK cell recognition methods to their descriptions:

    <p>Inhibitory receptors = Recognize self-MHC to avoid killing healthy cells Activating receptors = Engage with cells lacking MHC markers Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity = CD16 mediates killing of IgG-coated cells Granzyme action = Induces apoptosis in the target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following B cell types after activation with their characteristics:

    <p>Plasma cells = Secrete large amounts of antibodies Memory B cells = Persist for long-term immunity Naive B cells = Undifferentiated and require activation Activated B cells = Have undergone initial antigen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells to their respective features:

    <p>B Lymphocytes = Primary producers of antibodies T Lymphocytes = Mediators of cell-mediated immunity Natural Killer Cells = Part of the innate immune response Antigen presenting cells = Present antigens to activate T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:

    <p>Innate Immunity = First line of defense Adaptive Immunity = Requires prior exposure to antigens Natural Immunity = Present from birth Artificial Immunity = Acquired through immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune system functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Recognition of self = Distinguishing between body cells and pathogens Memory = Ability to remember past infections Antibody formation = Production of immunoglobulins against pathogens Cell-mediated reactions = Immune response involving T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of passive immunity with their sources:

    <p>Maternal Passive Immunity = Transfer of antibodies during pregnancy Artificial Passive Immunity = Transfer of antibodies via serum Natural Passive Immunity = Breast milk antibodies Active Immunity = Body's response to natural infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of innate immunity with their features:

    <p>Immediate response = Provides quick defense against pathogens Lacks specificity = Does not differentiate between pathogens Triggers adaptive response = Initiates further immune responses No memory = Does not retain information about pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cells with their primary roles in the immune system:

    <p>T cells = Cell-mediated immunity B cells = Humoral immunity Natural Killer cells = Targeting infected cells Macrophages = Phagocytosis and antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of adaptive immunity with their activation method:

    <p>Active Immunity = Infection or vaccination Passive Immunity = Receiving pre-formed antibodies Natural Immunity = Exposure to pathogens Artificial Immunity = Medical interventions such as vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions in the immune system:

    <p>Antibodies = Bind to antigens for neutralization Cytokines = Facilitate cell communication MHC molecules = Present antigens to T cells Complement proteins = Enhance opsonization and lysis of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immune cells with their specific functions:

    <p>B Lymphocytes = Produce antibodies T Helper Cells = Activate B cells and T cells Cytotoxic T Cells = Kill infected cells Regulatory T Cells = Maintain immune tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions of macrophages with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Antigen recognition = Identifying and binding to foreign antigens Phagocytosis = Engulfing and destroying pathogens Secretory function = Releasing molecules that mediate immune response Antigen presentation = Showing processed antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cytokines with their primary functions:

    <p>Cytokines of Innate Immunity = Rapidly produced to mediate inflammation Cytokines of Adaptive Immunity = Promote lymphocyte proliferation Colony-Stimulating Factors = Stimulate formation of blood cell colonies Regulatory cytokines = Help modulate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following soluble mediators of immunity with their roles:

    <p>Opsonins = Enhance phagocytosis by coating pathogens Cytokines = Messenger molecules for immune communication Proteins of the complement system = Participate in opsonization and lysis of pathogens Acute phase reactants = Participants in the systemic inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cytokines with their producing cells:

    <p>TNF = Macrophages IL-2 = CD4+ T lymphocytes IL-1 = Dendritic cells Chemokines = Natural Killer (NK) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immune responses with their associated characteristics:

    <p>Innate immunity = Immediate response to pathogens Adaptive immunity = Involves memory cells for long-lasting defense Humoral immunity = Production of antibodies by B cells Cell-mediated immunity = Involves direct action by T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with their features:

    <p>MHC class I = Present antigens to CD8+ T cells MHC class II = Present antigens to CD4+ T cells MHC class III = Involves complement proteins MHC genes = Located on chromosome 6 in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cells with their immune functions:

    <p>Macrophages = Phagocytosis and antigen presentation Dendritic cells = Initiate adaptive immune response Natural Killer cells = Destroy infected or stressed cells B lymphocytes = Produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the immune system with their definitions:

    <p>Opsonization = Coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis Cytokines = Soluble proteins mediating immune responses Phagocytosis = The ingestion of pathogens by immune cells Acute phase response = Systemic reaction to inflammation or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following class of MHC molecules with their characteristics:

    <p>Class I MHC = Expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets Class II MHC = Expressed only on professional antigen-presenting cells Class III MHC = Encode components of the complement system All MHC molecules = Involved in antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following HLA alleles with the associated conditions:

    <p>HLA-B27 = Ankylosing spondylitis HLA-DQ = Autoimmune endocrinopathies HLA-DR = Rheumatoid arthritis HLA-A = Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the MHC classes with their respective T lymphocyte interactions:

    <p>MHC Class I = Interacts with CD8+ T lymphocytes MHC Class II = Interacts with CD4+ T lymphocytes MHC Class III = Not directly involved with T lymphocytes MHC molecules = Required for T cell recognition of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phrases with their respective MHC molecule functions:

    <p>MHC Class I = Present intracellular antigens MHC Class II = Assist in activating helper T cells Class I and II = Above functions are critical for immune responses Class III = Involved in cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the MHC gene loci with their designated classes:

    <p>HLA-A = Class I MHC HLA-B = Class I MHC HLA-DR = Class II MHC HLA-DP = Class II MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the statements with their respective MHC classes:

    <p>Class I = Expressed by all nucleated cells Class II = Involved in antigen presentation on B cells Class III = Produces complement components All MHC classes = Facilitate adaptive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following MHC-related functions with their description:

    <p>Peptide display = Recognition by T lymphocytes Transplantation = Minimizing graft rejection Immune response = Reaction to tumors and infections Disease association = Linking alleles to autoimmune conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Antigen presenting cells = Include B cells and dendritic cells HLA complex = Cluster of MHC genes on chromosome 6 CD8+ T lymphocytes = Cytotoxic T cells activated by Class I MHC CD4+ T lymphocytes = Helper T cells activated by Class II MHC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical feature of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They typically involve the release of histamines from mast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the late-phase reaction in type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antigens can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Antigens that are either endogenous or exogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is typically affected by Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in the mediation of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediators are primarily released in the late-phase reaction of type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Prostaglandins and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do HLA genes play in hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They are associated with genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibodies is predominantly involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of the antigen-antibody reaction in type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Complement-dependent lysis of target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the sensitization phase of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>It occurs the first time an individual encounters an allergen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes Type II hypersensitivity reactions from Type I?

    <p>Type II reactions are antibody-mediated and often involve IgG or IgM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by smooth muscle spasms and glandular secretions?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of the interaction between allergens and sensitized mast cells in Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Release of inflammatory mediators like histamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is typically infiltrated during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Eosinophils and TH2 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do inflammatory mediators play in the context of a localized type I hypersensitivity reaction like hay fever?

    <p>Enhance acute local inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-4 in the sensitization phase of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Stimulates B cells to secrete IgE antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the immediate phase response in a hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>It occurs within minutes and subsides within an hour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for the release of mediators during a re-exposure to the allergen?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cross-linking IgE on the surface of mast cells?

    <p>It promotes activation and degranulation of mast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily responsible for eosinophil activation during the sensitization phase?

    <p>IL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the sensitization process, what is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

    <p>They present the antigen to T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of TH2 cells in the allergic response?

    <p>They stimulate B cells and eosinophil activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components released from mast cells is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves antibody-dependent lysis of target cells through complement activation?

    <p>Cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by antibody-mediated destruction of cells?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario do antibodies cause dysfunction without directly injuring the cell?

    <p>Grave's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of opsonization in phagocytosis?

    <p>To mark cells for recognition by phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates a type II hypersensitivity reaction involving blood cells?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, what is the role of the antibody?

    <p>To link the target cell with immune effector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of autoantibodies binding to cell surface receptors in antibody-mediated dysfunction?

    <p>Inhibition of normal cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions does NOT represent a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial requirement for the development of hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Prior sensitization to the allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is estimated to experience Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the nature of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Both exogenous and endogenous antigens can be involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from Types I, II, and III?

    <p>Cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity diseases often involves which type of genes?

    <p>HLA genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the timing of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Occurs within minutes (5-10 minutes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mast cells play in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Bind IgE antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of TH2 cells once activated by sensitizing antigens?

    <p>They secrete cytokines that stimulate B cells and eosinophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibody is produced as a result of B cell activation by IL-4 from TH2 cells?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the immediate phase response upon re-exposure to an allergen?

    <p>Cross-linking of IgE molecules on mast cells or basophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of mast cells in allergic reactions?

    <p>They contain granules that release mediators upon activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general time frame for the development of the immediate phase response after re-exposure to an allergen?

    <p>5 to 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of allergic reactions can be seen in genetically susceptible individuals?

    <p>Multiple types including asthma, hay fever, and food allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine released by TH2 cells primarily activates eosinophils?

    <p>IL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of mast cell degranulation during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IgG and IgM in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They activate the complement system leading to cell lysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism leads to the phagocytosis of cells coated with antibodies?

    <p>Opsonization by antibodies and complement proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition do antibodies act as agonists, stimulating the target cell's activity?

    <p>Grave’s disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell lysis due to antibody binding to cell surface antigens?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism illustrates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

    <p>Linking of NK cells to target cells without phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hemolytic anemia related to type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Incompatible blood transfusion.</p>