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Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of innate immunity?
What is a primary characteristic of innate immunity?
Which function is NOT associated with the immune system?
Which function is NOT associated with the immune system?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
Which type of immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from mother to child?
Which type of immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from mother to child?
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How does innate immunity primarily function?
How does innate immunity primarily function?
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What is the primary function of epithelial barriers in innate immunity?
What is the primary function of epithelial barriers in innate immunity?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?
Which cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?
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Which characteristic is true about the memory aspect of the immune response?
Which characteristic is true about the memory aspect of the immune response?
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What role does the adaptive immune response play after the innate immune response?
What role does the adaptive immune response play after the innate immune response?
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Which component of the immune system is responsible for defense against intracellular microbes?
Which component of the immune system is responsible for defense against intracellular microbes?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following best describes the nature of adaptive immunity?
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What can cause diseases of the immune system?
What can cause diseases of the immune system?
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In which organ do T cells primarily develop?
In which organ do T cells primarily develop?
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What role do regulatory T lymphocytes play in the immune response?
What role do regulatory T lymphocytes play in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphoid organ?
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What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?
What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?
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What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?
What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?
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How do Natural Killer (NK) cells recognize abnormal cells?
How do Natural Killer (NK) cells recognize abnormal cells?
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Which antibodies are first produced by plasma cells upon activation?
Which antibodies are first produced by plasma cells upon activation?
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What markers are commonly used to identify Natural Killer (NK) cells?
What markers are commonly used to identify Natural Killer (NK) cells?
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What percentage of human peripheral lymphoid cells do NK cells comprise?
What percentage of human peripheral lymphoid cells do NK cells comprise?
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How do inhibitory receptors on NK cells function?
How do inhibitory receptors on NK cells function?
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What type of cells do B lymphocytes develop into after stimulation?
What type of cells do B lymphocytes develop into after stimulation?
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Which surface molecules do NK cells use to recognize targets?
Which surface molecules do NK cells use to recognize targets?
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What is the primary role of opsonins in the immune response?
What is the primary role of opsonins in the immune response?
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Which cytokines primarily mediate inflammation and anti-viral defense?
Which cytokines primarily mediate inflammation and anti-viral defense?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?
Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?
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Which class of cytokines is primarily responsible for the stimulation of hematopoiesis?
Which class of cytokines is primarily responsible for the stimulation of hematopoiesis?
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Which statement about monocytes is true?
Which statement about monocytes is true?
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What is the relationship between cytokines and immune cells?
What is the relationship between cytokines and immune cells?
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What role does the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) play in the immune system?
What role does the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) play in the immune system?
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Which type of cellular communication do cytokines facilitate in the immune system?
Which type of cellular communication do cytokines facilitate in the immune system?
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Which of the following statements about MHC class I molecules is correct?
Which of the following statements about MHC class I molecules is correct?
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What is the primary function of MHC class II molecules?
What is the primary function of MHC class II molecules?
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HLA-B27 is most strongly associated with which of the following conditions?
HLA-B27 is most strongly associated with which of the following conditions?
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What distinguishes MHC class II molecules from MHC class I molecules?
What distinguishes MHC class II molecules from MHC class I molecules?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with MHC molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with MHC molecules?
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The genes encoding MHC molecules are located on which chromosome in humans?
The genes encoding MHC molecules are located on which chromosome in humans?
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Which type of MHC molecule is primarily expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells?
Which type of MHC molecule is primarily expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells?
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Which of the following is a function of MHC class III molecules?
Which of the following is a function of MHC class III molecules?
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Mature B cells constitute 20% to 30% of the circulating peripheral lymphocyte population.
Mature B cells constitute 20% to 30% of the circulating peripheral lymphocyte population.
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The primary antibody produced by plasma cells is IgA.
The primary antibody produced by plasma cells is IgA.
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Natural Killer (NK) cells are classified as phagocytic lymphocytes.
Natural Killer (NK) cells are classified as phagocytic lymphocytes.
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NK cells recognize abnormal cells primarily through a perforin-granzymes system.
NK cells recognize abnormal cells primarily through a perforin-granzymes system.
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B cells can function as antigen presenting cells without prior activation.
B cells can function as antigen presenting cells without prior activation.
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NK cells bear the markers CD16 and CD56, which are used to identify T lymphocytes.
NK cells bear the markers CD16 and CD56, which are used to identify T lymphocytes.
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B-cell receptors (BCR) are composed of IgE and IgD on the surface of B cells.
B-cell receptors (BCR) are composed of IgE and IgD on the surface of B cells.
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Natural Killer cells comprise about 10% to 20% of human peripheral lymphoid cells.
Natural Killer cells comprise about 10% to 20% of human peripheral lymphoid cells.
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Epithelial barriers serve as mechanical barriers to protect against the entry of microbes.
Epithelial barriers serve as mechanical barriers to protect against the entry of microbes.
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Humoral immunity is primarily responsible for defending against intracellular microbes.
Humoral immunity is primarily responsible for defending against intracellular microbes.
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CD8+ T cells are also known as helper T cells and play a role in suppressing the immune response.
CD8+ T cells are also known as helper T cells and play a role in suppressing the immune response.
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Primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and bone marrow, are essential for the maturation of T cells and B cells.
Primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and bone marrow, are essential for the maturation of T cells and B cells.
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The adaptive immune response provides short-lasting immunity after exposure to an antigen.
The adaptive immune response provides short-lasting immunity after exposure to an antigen.
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Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily responsible for the humoral immune response.
Natural killer (NK) cells are primarily responsible for the humoral immune response.
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Both B and T lymphocytes have highly specific receptors for a wide variety of substances known as antigens.
Both B and T lymphocytes have highly specific receptors for a wide variety of substances known as antigens.
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Regulatory T lymphocytes express CD4 molecules and assist in enhancing the immune response.
Regulatory T lymphocytes express CD4 molecules and assist in enhancing the immune response.
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Circulating monocytes make up approximately 10% of peripheral leukocytes.
Circulating monocytes make up approximately 10% of peripheral leukocytes.
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Opsonization is the process by which pathogens are directly destroyed by immune cells without any prior coating.
Opsonization is the process by which pathogens are directly destroyed by immune cells without any prior coating.
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Cytokines of Adaptive Immunity are primarily secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells.
Cytokines of Adaptive Immunity are primarily secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are membrane-bound proteins encoded by MHC genes.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are membrane-bound proteins encoded by MHC genes.
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Cytokines can stimulate hematopoiesis, increasing leukocyte numbers during immune responses.
Cytokines can stimulate hematopoiesis, increasing leukocyte numbers during immune responses.
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Acute phase reactants include cytokines like IL-4 and IL-17.
Acute phase reactants include cytokines like IL-4 and IL-17.
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Macrophages are the only cells capable of secreting acute phase reactants.
Macrophages are the only cells capable of secreting acute phase reactants.
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Innate immunity provides immediate protection but lacks specificity.
Innate immunity provides immediate protection but lacks specificity.
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Opsonins are produced exclusively by phagocytic cells.
Opsonins are produced exclusively by phagocytic cells.
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The adaptive immune system develops memory cells upon first exposure to an antigen.
The adaptive immune system develops memory cells upon first exposure to an antigen.
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Passive immunity can only be acquired through artificial means.
Passive immunity can only be acquired through artificial means.
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Antibody formation is a major function of innate immunity.
Antibody formation is a major function of innate immunity.
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Memory is a characteristic feature of innate immunity.
Memory is a characteristic feature of innate immunity.
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Adaptive immunity can be categorized into active and passive types.
Adaptive immunity can be categorized into active and passive types.
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A primary characteristic of innate immunity is its ability to recognize self from non-self antigens.
A primary characteristic of innate immunity is its ability to recognize self from non-self antigens.
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HLA class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets except erythrocytes and trophoblasts.
HLA class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets except erythrocytes and trophoblasts.
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CD4+ T cells recognize antigens in the context of self-class I molecules.
CD4+ T cells recognize antigens in the context of self-class I molecules.
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Cell-mediated reactions are a specific function of the adaptive immune response.
Cell-mediated reactions are a specific function of the adaptive immune response.
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HLA-D consists of three sub-regions: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR, which are associated with class II MHC molecules.
HLA-D consists of three sub-regions: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR, which are associated with class II MHC molecules.
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The genes encoding Class III MHC molecules have apparent roles in the immune system.
The genes encoding Class III MHC molecules have apparent roles in the immune system.
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The HLA complex is primarily located on the long arm of chromosome 6 in humans.
The HLA complex is primarily located on the long arm of chromosome 6 in humans.
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MHC class II molecules interact with CD8+ T lymphocytes during antigen presentation.
MHC class II molecules interact with CD8+ T lymphocytes during antigen presentation.
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HLA-B27 is associated with autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis.
HLA-B27 is associated with autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays no role in organ/tissue transplantation.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays no role in organ/tissue transplantation.
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What is the role of defensins in innate immunity?
What is the role of defensins in innate immunity?
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How does the adaptive immune system enhance the body's defense compared to the innate immune system?
How does the adaptive immune system enhance the body's defense compared to the innate immune system?
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Identify the primary function of CD8+ T cells in cellular immunity.
Identify the primary function of CD8+ T cells in cellular immunity.
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What distinguishes primary lymphoid organs from secondary lymphoid organs in the immune system?
What distinguishes primary lymphoid organs from secondary lymphoid organs in the immune system?
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Explain the role of regulatory T lymphocytes in the immune response.
Explain the role of regulatory T lymphocytes in the immune response.
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What is the main characteristic of humoral immunity?
What is the main characteristic of humoral immunity?
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Describe the two main components of adaptive immunity.
Describe the two main components of adaptive immunity.
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How do secondary lymphoid organs facilitate the generation of adaptive immunity?
How do secondary lymphoid organs facilitate the generation of adaptive immunity?
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What is the first antibody produced by plasma cells upon activation?
What is the first antibody produced by plasma cells upon activation?
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Explain the role of CD16 in the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells.
Explain the role of CD16 in the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells.
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Describe how NK cells differentiate between normal and abnormal cells.
Describe how NK cells differentiate between normal and abnormal cells.
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What happens to B cells after they are stimulated by an antigen?
What happens to B cells after they are stimulated by an antigen?
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Identify the primary locations where mature B cells are distributed in the body.
Identify the primary locations where mature B cells are distributed in the body.
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Outline the method by which NK cells induce apoptosis in target cells lacking MHC molecules.
Outline the method by which NK cells induce apoptosis in target cells lacking MHC molecules.
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What distinguishes the B-cell receptor (BCR) components on mature B cells?
What distinguishes the B-cell receptor (BCR) components on mature B cells?
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How do Natural Killer cells comprise a certain percentage of the human peripheral lymphoid cell population?
How do Natural Killer cells comprise a certain percentage of the human peripheral lymphoid cell population?
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Describe the immediate role of innate immunity in response to pathogens.
Describe the immediate role of innate immunity in response to pathogens.
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What are the key characteristics that differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
What are the key characteristics that differentiate innate immunity from adaptive immunity?
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Explain the term 'memory' in the context of adaptive immunity and its absence in innate immunity.
Explain the term 'memory' in the context of adaptive immunity and its absence in innate immunity.
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How does innate immunity trigger the adaptive immune response?
How does innate immunity trigger the adaptive immune response?
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Discuss the importance of recognizing self from non-self antigens in the immune system.
Discuss the importance of recognizing self from non-self antigens in the immune system.
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In the context of immunity, what does the term 'cell-mediated reactions' refer to?
In the context of immunity, what does the term 'cell-mediated reactions' refer to?
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Identify and explain the significance of one major dysfunction that can occur in the immune system.
Identify and explain the significance of one major dysfunction that can occur in the immune system.
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What role do antibodies play in the immune response and how does their formation occur?
What role do antibodies play in the immune response and how does their formation occur?
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What are two key functions of macrophages?
What are two key functions of macrophages?
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How does opsonization enhance the immune response?
How does opsonization enhance the immune response?
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Identify a major function of cytokines in the immune system.
Identify a major function of cytokines in the immune system.
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What cytokines are mainly produced by CD4+ T lymphocytes?
What cytokines are mainly produced by CD4+ T lymphocytes?
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What are colony-stimulating factors characterized by in terms of their function?
What are colony-stimulating factors characterized by in terms of their function?
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Explain the significance of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in the immune system.
Explain the significance of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in the immune system.
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What types of cytokines are produced rapidly in response to microbes?
What types of cytokines are produced rapidly in response to microbes?
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Differentiate between the roles of opsonins and cytokines in the immune response.
Differentiate between the roles of opsonins and cytokines in the immune response.
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What are the primary functions of MHC class I molecules?
What are the primary functions of MHC class I molecules?
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How are MHC class II molecules primarily expressed and what is their function?
How are MHC class II molecules primarily expressed and what is their function?
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Describe the genes that encode the human major histocompatibility complex and their significance.
Describe the genes that encode the human major histocompatibility complex and their significance.
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What is the main distinguishing feature of MHC class III molecules?
What is the main distinguishing feature of MHC class III molecules?
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Explain the relationship between HLA and autoimmune diseases.
Explain the relationship between HLA and autoimmune diseases.
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Why are MHC molecules critical in organ/tissue transplantation?
Why are MHC molecules critical in organ/tissue transplantation?
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What is the role of CD4+ T cells in relation to MHC class II molecules?
What is the role of CD4+ T cells in relation to MHC class II molecules?
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Describe the differences in antigen presentation between MHC class I and class II molecules.
Describe the differences in antigen presentation between MHC class I and class II molecules.
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What is a critical feature of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a critical feature of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is a characteristic feature of the late-phase reaction in type I hypersensitivity?
What is a characteristic feature of the late-phase reaction in type I hypersensitivity?
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Which type of antigens can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?
Which type of antigens can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following is an example of systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following is an example of systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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What percentage of the population is typically affected by Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What percentage of the population is typically affected by Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in the mediation of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in the mediation of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What mediators are primarily released in the late-phase reaction of type I hypersensitivity?
What mediators are primarily released in the late-phase reaction of type I hypersensitivity?
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What role do HLA genes play in hypersensitivity reactions?
What role do HLA genes play in hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which type of antibodies is predominantly involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which type of antibodies is predominantly involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is a common effect of the antigen-antibody reaction in type II hypersensitivity?
What is a common effect of the antigen-antibody reaction in type II hypersensitivity?
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Which of the following best describes the sensitization phase of hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following best describes the sensitization phase of hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which characteristic distinguishes Type II hypersensitivity reactions from Type I?
Which characteristic distinguishes Type II hypersensitivity reactions from Type I?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by smooth muscle spasms and glandular secretions?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by smooth muscle spasms and glandular secretions?
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What is the main consequence of the interaction between allergens and sensitized mast cells in Type I hypersensitivity?
What is the main consequence of the interaction between allergens and sensitized mast cells in Type I hypersensitivity?
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Which of the following cell types is typically infiltrated during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following cell types is typically infiltrated during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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What role do inflammatory mediators play in the context of a localized type I hypersensitivity reaction like hay fever?
What role do inflammatory mediators play in the context of a localized type I hypersensitivity reaction like hay fever?
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What is the role of IL-4 in the sensitization phase of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the role of IL-4 in the sensitization phase of hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following best describes the immediate phase response in a hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following best describes the immediate phase response in a hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which cell type is primarily responsible for the release of mediators during a re-exposure to the allergen?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the release of mediators during a re-exposure to the allergen?
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What is the effect of cross-linking IgE on the surface of mast cells?
What is the effect of cross-linking IgE on the surface of mast cells?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for eosinophil activation during the sensitization phase?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for eosinophil activation during the sensitization phase?
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During the sensitization process, what is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
During the sensitization process, what is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
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What is the function of TH2 cells in the allergic response?
What is the function of TH2 cells in the allergic response?
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Which of the following components released from mast cells is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability?
Which of the following components released from mast cells is primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability?
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Which mechanism involves antibody-dependent lysis of target cells through complement activation?
Which mechanism involves antibody-dependent lysis of target cells through complement activation?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by antibody-mediated destruction of cells?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by antibody-mediated destruction of cells?
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In which scenario do antibodies cause dysfunction without directly injuring the cell?
In which scenario do antibodies cause dysfunction without directly injuring the cell?
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What is the primary role of opsonization in phagocytosis?
What is the primary role of opsonization in phagocytosis?
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Which example illustrates a type II hypersensitivity reaction involving blood cells?
Which example illustrates a type II hypersensitivity reaction involving blood cells?
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In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, what is the role of the antibody?
In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, what is the role of the antibody?
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What is a consequence of autoantibodies binding to cell surface receptors in antibody-mediated dysfunction?
What is a consequence of autoantibodies binding to cell surface receptors in antibody-mediated dysfunction?
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Which of the following conditions does NOT represent a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following conditions does NOT represent a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is a crucial requirement for the development of hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a crucial requirement for the development of hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies?
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What percentage of the population is estimated to experience Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What percentage of the population is estimated to experience Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which statement correctly describes the nature of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which statement correctly describes the nature of antigens involved in hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which feature distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from Types I, II, and III?
Which feature distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from Types I, II, and III?
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Genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity diseases often involves which type of genes?
Genetic susceptibility to hypersensitivity diseases often involves which type of genes?
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Which of the following best describes the timing of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following best describes the timing of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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What role do mast cells play in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What role do mast cells play in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is the primary role of TH2 cells once activated by sensitizing antigens?
What is the primary role of TH2 cells once activated by sensitizing antigens?
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Which type of antibody is produced as a result of B cell activation by IL-4 from TH2 cells?
Which type of antibody is produced as a result of B cell activation by IL-4 from TH2 cells?
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What triggers the immediate phase response upon re-exposure to an allergen?
What triggers the immediate phase response upon re-exposure to an allergen?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of mast cells in allergic reactions?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of mast cells in allergic reactions?
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What is the general time frame for the development of the immediate phase response after re-exposure to an allergen?
What is the general time frame for the development of the immediate phase response after re-exposure to an allergen?
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What types of allergic reactions can be seen in genetically susceptible individuals?
What types of allergic reactions can be seen in genetically susceptible individuals?
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Which cytokine released by TH2 cells primarily activates eosinophils?
Which cytokine released by TH2 cells primarily activates eosinophils?
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What is a consequence of mast cell degranulation during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a consequence of mast cell degranulation during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is the role of IgG and IgM in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the role of IgG and IgM in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which mechanism leads to the phagocytosis of cells coated with antibodies?
Which mechanism leads to the phagocytosis of cells coated with antibodies?
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In which condition do antibodies act as agonists, stimulating the target cell's activity?
In which condition do antibodies act as agonists, stimulating the target cell's activity?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell lysis due to antibody binding to cell surface antigens?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by cell lysis due to antibody binding to cell surface antigens?
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Which mechanism illustrates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
Which mechanism illustrates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
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What is a common cause of hemolytic anemia related to type II hypersensitivity?
What is a common cause of hemolytic anemia related to type II hypersensitivity?