Immunity Overview and Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

  • Nausea, fatigue, redness, loss of function
  • Swelling, loss of appetite, heat, fatigue
  • Fever, headache, dizziness, pain
  • Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function (correct)

Which line of defense is characterized by the inflammatory response?

  • Fourth line of defense
  • Second line of defense (correct)
  • First line of defense
  • Third line of defense

What is true about the specificity of the inflammatory response?

  • It occurs in the same way regardless of stimulus type. (correct)
  • It takes longer to initiate compared to innate immunity.
  • It is specific to the type of stimulus encountered.
  • It requires memory cells for effective response.

What triggers the rapid inflammatory response?

<p>Cellular or tissue damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the role of the microbiome on body surfaces?

<p>It develops unique characteristics based on environment and diet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes white blood cells' movement during the inflammatory response?

<p>Diapedesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do natural barriers play in immunity?

<p>They provide the first line of defense. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of excessive inflammation?

<p>Severe disabling pain and fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic indication of leukocytosis?

<p>Left shift and an increase in immature cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an acute-phase reactant?

<p>Albumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic inflammation may result from which of the following scenarios?

<p>High lipid and wax content of a microorganism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory measure is commonly used to assess the presence of inflammation?

<p>Complete blood count (CBC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to contribute to chronic inflammation?

<p>High efficacy of the immune response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of cytokines in the immune system?

<p>To bind to specific cell receptors and regulate immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response does IL-1 induce?

<p>Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is classified as an anti-inflammatory?

<p>Transforming Growth Factor–beta (TGF-β) (A), IL-10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells primarily produce interferons in response to viral infections?

<p>Virally infected host cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chemokines?

<p>To attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mast cells is accurate?

<p>Mast cells are found in loose connective tissues near blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the degranulation of mast cells involve?

<p>The immediate release of histamine and cytokines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement about interleukins?

<p>They help regulate inflammation and can be both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes CC-chemokines from CXC-chemokines?

<p>CC-chemokines primarily affect monocytes and lymphocytes, while CXC-chemokines affect neutrophils. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the H1 receptor have when activated by histamine?

<p>Bronchoconstriction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is specific to chronic inflammatory responses?

<p>Formation of granulomas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason for susceptibility to bacterial infections in neonates?

<p>Deficient complement system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect innate immunity in older adults?

<p>Diminished immune function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is classified as an NSAID?

<p>Celecoxib (C), Ibuprofen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may impair wound healing in older adults?

<p>Chronic illnesses such as diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of eosinophils in the immune response?

<p>They regulate vascular mediators and defend against parasites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is released by platelets during degranulation?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of phagocytosis?

<p>To engulf and destroy microorganisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the endothelium to retract during inflammation?

<p>Injury to blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is considered an important source of IL-4?

<p>Basophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mast cells in inflammation?

<p>To release histamine and chemotactic factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocytes are primarily responsible for innate immunity and phagocytosis?

<p>Granulocytes and macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does thromboxane A2 (TXA2) have in the body?

<p>Vasoconstriction and induction of platelet aggregation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of inflammation do neutrophils primarily function?

<p>Early inflammatory response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to monocytes during inflammation?

<p>They become activated and develop into macrophages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of leukotrienes in the inflammatory response?

<p>Similar effects to histamine in promoting inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves adhesion molecules and the exit of leukocytes from circulation?

<p>Diapedesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary production of dendritic cells in the immune response?

<p>Interacting with T lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inflammation

A nonspecific response to tissue damage, can be mild or severe.

Innate Resistance

The first line of defense, involves natural barriers and immediate response.

Adaptive Immunity

The third line of defense, develops over time and is specific to pathogens.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

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Vascular Responses in Inflammation

Involve blood vessel dilation and increased permeability during inflammation.

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Cellular Response in Inflammation

White blood cells migrate and adhere to vessels in response to inflammation.

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Microbiome

Unique collection of microorganisms in individuals, usually non-pathogenic.

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Cytokines

Intercellular signals that regulate immune response, can be pro- or anti-inflammatory.

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Interleukins (ILs)

Produced by immune cells to regulate inflammation; can be pro- or anti-inflammatory.

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Interferons (IFNs)

Proteins that protect against viral infections and modulate inflammation.

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Chemokines

Signaling molecules that attract leukocytes to inflammation sites.

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Mast Cells

Cells that mediate inflammation by releasing granules and inflammatory products.

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Effects of Mast Cell Activation

Histamine release causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

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Phagocytes

Immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages involved in ingesting pathogens.

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Dendritic Cells

Cells that link innate and adaptive immunity, present in skin and organs.

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Monocytes and Macrophages

Monocytes mature into macrophages that initiate inflammation and aid in tissue repair.

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Phagocytosis Process

Involves opsonization, engulfment, phagosome formation, and destruction of targets.

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Leukocytosis

An increase in white blood cell count indicating inflammation or infection.

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Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation lasting over 2 weeks, can arise from unresolved acute inflammation.

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Neonates and Immunity

Newborns have incomplete immune function, making them susceptible to infections.

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Older Adults and Immunity

Impaired immune responses increase infection risk for older individuals.

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Glucocorticoids

Steroid medications like prednisone used to reduce inflammation.

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NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen, used to relieve pain and inflammation.

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Acute-phase Reactants

Substances like CRP and fibrinogen that increase during inflammation.

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Opsonization

The process of marking pathogens for destruction by immune cells.

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Granuloma Formation

A chronic inflammatory tissue response marked by immune cell aggregation.

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H1 and H2 Receptors

H1 induces pro-inflammatory effects; H2 has anti-inflammatory effects.

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Immediate Response to Injury

The rapid onset of inflammation starts within seconds to tissue damage.

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Study Notes

Inflammation Overview

  • Inflammation is a nonspecific response that occurs irrespective of the cause.
  • Symptoms can vary from minor discomfort to severe pain, fever, and mobility changes.

Types of Immunity and Lines of Defense

  • Innate Resistance: Natural barriers and inflammatory response (First line).
  • Adaptive Immunity: Acquired immunity that develops over time (Third line).

Second Line of Defense: Inflammation

  • Rapid, immediate response to tissue damage, begins within seconds.
  • Non-specific response; involves cellular and chemical activities without memory.

Inflammatory Response Characteristics

  • Cardinal signs include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
  • Involves vascular responses like blood vessel dilation and increased permeability.
  • Cellular response includes white blood cells adhering and migrating through vessels.

Microbiome

  • Unique to each individual, shaped by environment and lifestyle.
  • Composed of microorganisms that are generally non-pathogenic under normal conditions but can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.

Cytokines

  • Intercellular signaling molecules that regulate both innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Can be pro-inflammatory (e.g., interleukins, TNF) or anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-10).

Interleukins (ILs)

  • Produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes; crucial for regulating inflammation.
  • Examples:
    • IL-1: pro-inflammatory, causes fever.
    • IL-6: pro-inflammatory, aids healing.
    • IL-10: anti-inflammatory.

Interferons (IFNs)

  • Protect against viral infections and modulate inflammation.
  • Released by virally infected cells to prevent further infection of healthy cells.
  • Types include IFN-α, IFN-β (induce antiviral proteins) and IFN-γ (enhances macrophage activity).

Chemokines

  • Attract leukocytes to inflammation sites.
  • Produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, categorized into CC-chemokines and CXC-chemokines.

Mast Cells

  • Contain granules and are located near blood vessels in various tissues.
  • Activated by injury and chemical agents; mediate inflammation through degranulation and synthesis of inflammatory products.

Effects of Mast Cell Activation

  • Histamine release causes vessel dilation and increased vascular permeability.
  • Receptors:
    • H1: pro-inflammatory effects, induces bronchoconstriction.
    • H2: anti-inflammatory effects, stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Phagocytes

  • Key immune cells include neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages; primarily involved in phagocytosis.
  • Neutrophils are the first responders, acting within hours to clear debris and bacteria.
  • Eosinophils defend against parasites and regulate the inflammatory response.

Dendritic Cells

  • Link between innate and adaptive immunity; present in peripheral organs and skin.
  • Facilitate maturation of T-cells and stimulate acquired immune responses.

Monocytes and Macrophages

  • Monocytes mature into macrophages at the inflammation site.
  • Macrophages are key initiators of inflammation and play a role in tissue repair.

Phagocytosis Process

  • Involves opsonization, engulfment, phagosome formation, and destruction of targets.

Laboratory Measures of Inflammation

  • Leukocytosis indicates increased white blood cell count.
  • Diagnostic tests include CBC, differential count, and measures of acute-phase reactants (CRP, fibrinogen).

Chronic Inflammation

  • Lasts longer than 2 weeks; can arise from unresolved acute inflammation or persistent irritants.
  • Characterized by lymphocyte/macrophage infiltration and granuloma formation.

Special Considerations Across the Lifespan

  • Neonates: Incomplete immune function, susceptible to infections.
  • Older Adults: Impaired immune responses, increased risk for infections, effects of chronic illnesses.

Pharmacotherapy for Inflammation

  • Common medications include glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone), and NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen).

Signs of Inflammation

  • Key signs include redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of immunity and inflammation, focusing on the nonspecific nature of inflammatory responses and the various types of immunity. You will learn about innate resistance, natural barriers, and the body's first lines of defense against pathogens. Prepare to test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of immunology.

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