أسئلة الثانية والثالثة ميكرو PPPM (قبل التعديل)

Which of the following cell types are derived from the common lymphoid progenitor?

Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

Which of the following cell types functions as an antigen-presenting cell to initiate adaptive immune responses?

The acidic pH of the skin and stomach provides what type of barrier against infection?

Which bodily system or location does NOT harbor microbes that exist in a symbiotic relationship with the body?

What is the primary role of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory tract?

How does the adaptive immune system differ primarily from the innate immune system?

Which of the following cells are classified as lymphocytes?

Which of the following is an example of a soluble factor that provides a defense against pathogens?

Which of the following is primarily associated with the second line of defense in the immune system?

Which of the following cytokines is predominantly associated with the first line of defense?

Which of the following processes is associated with mature lymphocytes that have never encountered an antigen?

Which of the following cell types links the innate and adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T lymphocytes?

What is the primary location for T lymphocyte maturation?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the first line of defense, contrasting with the characteristics of the second?

Which of the following best describes how lymphocytes are distinguished from one another?

Which of the following cellular actions is the MOST accurate description of phagocytosis?

Natural killer (NK) cells are MOST directly involved in which of the following immune responses?

Which of the following BEST describes the role of cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 in the innate immune response?

How do mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) contribute to the innate immune response during an infection?

What is the MAIN purpose of the 'acute phase response,' characterized by a rapid increase in circulating levels of plasma proteins like MBL and CRP?

Which of the following is a KEY characteristic that distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

What is the PRIMARY role of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

What is the purpose of the decline and termination phase of the immune response?

Which of the following is a key distinction in antigen recognition between B and T lymphocytes?

Which of the following is a primary function of dendritic cells in the immune response?

A researcher is studying the immune response to a novel viral infection. They observe that CD8+ T cells are crucial for clearing the infection. Which mechanism is most likely employed by these cells?

Why are stem cells valuable in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies?

A patient's lab results show a high level of IL-4 and subsequent B cell proliferation. Which of the following scenarios is the most likely cause?

How might stem cell therapy be used in treating Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

What is the primary function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in T lymphocyte activation?

Which of the following best describes the role of the proteasome in T lymphocyte activation?

Toxic oxygen-derived products and nitrogen oxides are associated with which type of immune response?

In the context of tissue repair post-heart attack, what is the potential role of stem cell therapy?

A researcher discovers a new molecule that selectively inhibits CD4+ T cell activation. What downstream effect would likely be observed?

A patient undergoing a transplant has a strong T cell response against the donor organ. Which type of T lymphocyte is primarily responsible for the graft rejection?

How do regulatory T cells (Treg) contribute to the overall immune response?

Which of the following is the primary function of Killer Inhibitory Receptors (KIRs) on Natural Killer (NK) cells?

During an acute bacterial infection, what is the primary mechanism by which neutrophils contribute to pathogen elimination?

Which of the following events occurs latest during phagocytosis?

What is the role of IFN-$\gamma$ (interferon-gamma) produced by NK cells in the immune response?

Which of the following molecules act as opsonins, enhancing phagocytosis?

A patient's blood test reveals an elevated number of neutrophils. This finding would MOST likely indicate which condition?

What is the significance of the process called diapedesis in the context of phagocyte function?

Natural Killer (NK) cells use Killer Activating Receptors (KARs) to detect and respond to infected or stressed cells. What is the outcome of KAR activation?

During T cell maturation in the thymus, a T cell receptor (TCR) binds weakly to a self-peptide presented on MHC. What is the MOST likely outcome for this T cell?

A researcher studying lymphocyte development identifies a cell population in the bone marrow that expresses pre-B cell receptor but does not yet express surface immunoglobulin. Which of the following developmental stages does this MOST likely represent?

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely result in negative selection of a developing B lymphocyte in the bone marrow?

A researcher is investigating the immune response in a mouse model lacking a functional thymus. Which of the following immune cell populations would be MOST directly affected?

Which of the following BEST describes the primary function of secondary lymphoid organs?

A patient has their spleen removed (splenectomy). Following the procedure, what immunological consequence is the patient MOST susceptible to?

How do Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) such as Peyer's patches, contribute to the body’s defense against pathogens?

Which of the following best describes the selection processes that occur during T cell maturation in the thymus and their impact on self-tolerance?

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely result in the activation of the adaptive immune system?

How does the recognition of PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) by innate immune cells contribute to the activation of adaptive immunity?

Which of the following is a critical function of dendritic cells in initiating adaptive immunity?

How does stem cell self-renewal contribute to their therapeutic potential?

A researcher discovers a novel bacterial strain that effectively evades detection by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). What is the MOST likely consequence of this evasion?

In the context of treating Type 1 diabetes mellitus, what is the MOST promising application of stem cell therapy?

Why is the lack of immunological memory in innate immunity considered a limitation in combating recurrent infections with the same pathogen?

Toxic oxygen-derived products such as superoxide radicals ($O_2^−$) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) are crucial in eliminating pathogens. How do phagocytes utilize these molecules during phagocytosis?

What is the MOST significant implication of the symbiotic relationship between the microbiome and the human body for immune system development and function?

Based on their origin and differentiation potential, what is the key distinction between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?

How does the adaptive immune system's ability to recognize a vast array of antigens compare to the innate immune system's recognition capabilities?

If an individual has a genetic defect that impairs the function of their mucociliary escalator, which of the following consequences is MOST likely?

Which feature of the skin provides the MOST comprehensive protection against pathogen invasion?

A researcher is investigating a novel immune evasion strategy employed by a bacterium. They discover that the bacterium secretes a molecule that interferes with the function of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Which of the following immune responses would likely be MOST affected by this evasion strategy?

A patient with a genetic defect lacks functional B lymphocytes. While they can mount some immune responses, they are particularly susceptible to extracellular bacterial infections. Which of the following aspects of the immune response would be MOST compromised in this patient?

A researcher isolates a population of lymphocytes from a patient's blood. These lymphocytes express high levels of CD8 but lack CD4. Furthermore, they demonstrate cytotoxicity against tumor cells without prior sensitization. Which of the following cell types BEST describes these lymphocytes?

A researcher is studying the role of cytokines in regulating the immune response. They discover that a particular cytokine primarily promotes the differentiation of T helper cells into Th1 cells. Which of the following cytokines is MOST likely to have this effect?

During an experiment, researchers introduce a molecule that selectively blocks the interaction between CD28 on T cells and B7 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). What downstream effect would MOST likely be observed?

A patient has a mutation that impairs the function of their T lymphocytes. Further analysis reveals that the T cells are unable to properly interact with MHC molecules. Which of the following molecules is MOST likely affected by this mutation?

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely result in the activation of the alternative complement pathway?

A researcher is investigating potential therapeutic targets to enhance the innate immune response against viral infections. Which of the following strategies would MOST directly amplify the antiviral effects of Type I interferons (IFN-$\alpha$ and IFN-$eta$)?

Which of the following is a critical distinction in antigen recognition between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes?

A researcher is investigating the immune response to a newly identified intracellular bacterium. Initial findings suggest that CD4+ T cells are not effectively activating macrophages to clear the infection. Which approach would MOST likely enhance macrophage activation?

A patient with a genetic defect lacks functional proteasomes. How would this deficiency MOST directly affect T lymphocyte activation?

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely lead to T-independent B cell activation?

A researcher is studying the effects of blocking CD40L (CD154) on T cell-dependent B cell activation. What outcome would they MOST likely observe?

In a scenario where a patient has a genetic defect that impairs the ability of their antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to express MHC class II molecules, which aspect of the immune response would be MOST compromised?

A researcher is developing a novel vaccine strategy that aims to elicit a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against a viral pathogen. Which approach would be MOST effective in generating long-lasting CTL memory?

Following a successful immune response, the immune system must return to a state of homeostasis. Which of the following mechanisms plays a CRITICAL role in preventing excessive inflammation and autoimmunity during the decline phase of an immune response?

Which of the following scenarios would MOST likely lead to the activation of a Natural Killer (NK) cell?

What is the MOST significant difference between the mechanisms used by macrophages and neutrophils to eliminate pathogens?

A researcher is investigating the intracellular events following phagocytosis. If phagolysosome formation is inhibited, which of the following outcomes is MOST likely?

A novel virus has evolved a mechanism to inhibit the production of complement protein C3b. How would this affect phagocytosis?

In a patient with a genetic defect that impairs diapedesis, which aspect of the phagocytic response would be MOST affected?

Which of the following mechanisms enables NK cells to target and kill antibody-coated cells?

Which intracellular mechanism is MOST directly responsible for the oxygen-independent killing of phagocytosed microbes?

If a patient has a mutation that impairs the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in phagocytes, which of the following processes would be MOST directly affected?