Immunity and Immunization

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of immunity is induced by a vaccine?

Passive immunity

Active immunity (correct)

Natural immunity

Artificial immunity

What is the main function of a toxoid?

To kill bacteria

To cause disease

To provide passive immunity

To stimulate the formation of antitoxin (correct)

Which type of vaccine is administered to induce immunity and prevent an infectious disease?

Immuno-globulin (IG)

Antitoxin

Live attenuated viral vaccines (correct)

Killed or fractionated viral vaccines

What is used for passive immunization against measles?

Immuno-globulin (IG) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for phagocytosis?

Mononuclear Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Antitoxin?

To treat certain microbial toxins Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunization is conducted using Immuno-globulin (IG)?

Passive artificial immunization Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is used against influenza?

Killed or fractionated viral vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the subsequent interaction of Ags with bound IgE molecules?

Stimulation of basophils and mast cells to secrete their granule contents Signup and view all the answers

What is the common origin of all blood cells?

A common stem cell in the bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines in the bone marrow?

Stimulate the proliferation and maturation of precursor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the thymus?

In the anterior mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What type of lymphocytes are present in the thymus?

T-lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lymph nodes?

To filter lymphatic vessels for Ags Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of generative organs in the immune system?

To generate immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the factors that stimulate the growth and development of leukocyte colonies from marrow cells?

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Helper T cells?

To help B lymphocytes produce antibodies and phagocytes destroy ingested microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Cytolytic T cells?

To lyse cells that produce foreign antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of mononuclear phagocytes?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TH1 cells?

Activating macrophages to kill engulfed microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Suppressor T cells?

To inhibit immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cells that originate from mononuclear phagocytes once they settle in tissues?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for inducing immune responses?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What do Helper T cells secrete to promote immune responses?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of granulocytes?

They participate in specific immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils?

To phagocytose and destroy foreign antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of eosinophils in inflammation?

To contribute to inflammation at sites of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of basophils?

To express receptors of high affinity for IgE. Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the growth and differentiation of eosinophils?

Interleukin-5 (IL-5). Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neutrophils that allows them to phagocytose opsonized particles?

They have receptors for IgG antibody. Signup and view all the answers

What type of parasites stimulate the production of IgE?

Helminthic parasites. Signup and view all the answers

What is the circulating counterpart of tissue mast cells?

Basophils. Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphocytes originate from?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CD molecules on lymphocytes?

Cell-cell interactions and adhesion, signals transduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies?

B-lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of immature lymphocytes?

They don't produce surface receptors for antigens and are unresponsive to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B-lymphocytes' antigen receptors?

Initiate the sequence of B-cell activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Helper T lymphocytes?

CD3+ CD4+ CD8- Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of B-cell activation?

Development of effector cells that actively secrete antibody molecules Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunization

Immunization can be conducted actively (natural or artificial) or passively (natural or artificial)
Active Artificial Immunization:
- Vaccine: a suspension of live attenuated or killed microorganisms administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease
- Types of vaccines:
  - Live attenuated viral vaccines (e.g. measles, mumps, rubella, polio)
  - Killed or fractionated viral vaccines (e.g. influenza, hepatitis B, rabies, polio)
  - Killed or fractionated bacterial vaccines (e.g. meningococcal, pneumococcal, cholera)
- Toxoid: a modified bacterial toxin that has been rendered nontoxic but retains the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin (e.g. diphtheria & tetanus toxoids)
Passive Artificial Immunization:
- Immuno-globulin (IG): a sterile solution of human antibodies used for passive immunization against measles and for routine maintenance of immunodeficient individuals
- Specific IG: a special sterile solution of human antibody against a specific disease (e.g. hepatitis B immunoglobulin, tetanus immune globulin)
- Antitoxin: a solution of antibodies directed to provide passive immunity as treatment of certain microbial toxins (e.g. botulism antitoxin, diphtheria antitoxin) and poisonous snakebites (e.g. antitoxin against the venom of rattlesnakes)

Cells and Tissues of Immune System

Cells:
- Lymphocytes
- Mononuclear Phagocytes
- Dendritic cells
- Granulocytes
Lymphoid tissues:
- Generative organs: Bone marrow, Thymus
- Peripheral organs: Lymph nodes, Spleen, Lymphoid tissues

Lymphocytes

Origin: bone marrow
Maturation: generative organs (bone marrow and thymus)
Functions:
- Recognize and respond to antigens
- Produce antibodies (B-lymphocytes)
- Help phagocytes destroy ingested microbes (helper T-cells)
- Lyse cells that produce foreign antigens (cytolytic T cells)
Types of lymphocytes:
- B-lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
- T-lymphocytes (helper, cytolytic, and suppressor)
  - Helper T cells recognize and respond to cell surface-antigens
  - Cytolytic T cells lyse cells that produce foreign antigens
  - Suppressor T cells inhibit immune responses

Mononuclear Phagocytes

Origin: bone marrow
Maturation: bone marrow
Functions:
- Engulf and digest foreign particles and microorganisms
- Present antigen to T-lymphocytes
Types of mononuclear phagocytes:
- Monocytes: precursor cells that mature into macrophages
- Macrophages: mature cells that engulf and digest foreign particles and microorganisms
- Dendritic cells: accessory cells that play important roles in the induction of immune responses

Granulocytes

Contain abundant cytoplasmic granules
Participate in specific immune responses
Types of granulocytes:
- Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Functions:
- Phagocytose and destroy foreign antigens
- Participate in inflammation and natural immunity
- Eliminate microbes and dead tissues

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the basics of immunization, including active and passive immunization, natural and artificial immunization, and types of immunobiologic agents.