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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by wear-and-tear damage to the joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by wear-and-tear damage to the joints.
False
What role do pyrogens play in the immune system?
What role do pyrogens play in the immune system?
They stimulate heat and contribute to fever.
The lining of the joints is affected in __________ arthritis.
The lining of the joints is affected in __________ arthritis.
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Match the following cells with their functions in the immune system:
Match the following cells with their functions in the immune system:
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What is the primary function of the liver?
What is the primary function of the liver?
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Hepatitis D requires Hepatitis B virus for its transmission.
Hepatitis D requires Hepatitis B virus for its transmission.
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What is measured in a blood test to assess kidney function?
What is measured in a blood test to assess kidney function?
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Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through the ______ route.
Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through the ______ route.
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Match the following hepatitis types with their transmission routes:
Match the following hepatitis types with their transmission routes:
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Which treatment is specifically indicated for swelling?
Which treatment is specifically indicated for swelling?
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Monitoring daily weight is an important nursing intervention for patients with kidney issues.
Monitoring daily weight is an important nursing intervention for patients with kidney issues.
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Which type of imaging tests are commonly used to examine internal organs?
Which type of imaging tests are commonly used to examine internal organs?
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What hormone is released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland?
What hormone is released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland?
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T3 and T4 are responsible for burning calories and regulating heart rate.
T3 and T4 are responsible for burning calories and regulating heart rate.
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Name two symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Name two symptoms of hypothyroidism.
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In hypothyroidism, T3 and T4 levels are usually ______.
In hypothyroidism, T3 and T4 levels are usually ______.
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Match the signs and symptoms of severe hypothyroidism with their descriptions:
Match the signs and symptoms of severe hypothyroidism with their descriptions:
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Which of the following medications is commonly used for thyroid replacement?
Which of the following medications is commonly used for thyroid replacement?
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HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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The final stage of the HIV life cycle is called ______.
The final stage of the HIV life cycle is called ______.
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Study Notes
Definitions of Terms
- Antibody: A protein created by the body to counter a specific antigen.
- Antigen: A substance that triggers the body to create antibodies.
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
- B cells: Cells vital for the humoral immune response.
- Cellular immune response: The immune system's 3rd line of defense, attacking pathogens with T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells: Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells and help with organ rejection.
- Humoral Immune Response: The 2nd line of defense, using antibodies.
- Immune response: The coordinated effort of immune system components against foreign agents/organisms.
- Immune system: The collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules mediating the immune response.
- Immunity: Specific protection against foreign agents, particularly infections.
- Interferons: Proteins activating other immune system components when cells encounter viruses or foreign agents.
- Memory cells: Cells remembering antigens from past exposures, enabling a faster immune response.
- Natural killer (NK) cells: Lymphocytes safeguarding against microorganisms and malignant cells.
- Opsonization: Coating antigens with sticky substances, aiding phagocytosis.
- Phagocytic cells: Cells consuming, ingesting, and destroying foreign substances or toxins.
Active vs Passive Immunity
- Innate (Natural) Immunity: Immunity present at birth.
- Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity: Immunity developed after birth.
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Innate Immunity (External & Internal):
- External Defense: Epidermis, oil glands, pH levels, sweat, hair, cilia, and gastric secretions.
- Internal Defense: (not detailed).
Cells
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Phagocytes:
- Neutrophils: WBCs engulfing pathogens.
- Macrophages: engulfs pathogens (histiocytes- wandering, Kupffer cells-fixed, alveolar cells, microglia).
- NK cells: Kill targets by releasing perforins and granzymes.
- Cytokines: Interleukins and interferons.
Physiological Responses
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Inflammation: Tissue damage in vascularized tissues.
- Vascular dilation.
- Increased vascular permeability.
- Redness, heat, pain, swelling.
- Fever: Pyrogens induce heat.
- Immune cell function enhancement.
- Reduced pathogen division ability.
HIV Stages (Acute, Chronic, AIDS)
-
Acute Stage: Initial infection showing RNA virus, early stages <10 days.
- CD4 count measurement to determine helper T cells, normal amount range 500 to 1500 cells/mm3.
- Chronic Stage: Viral load low but still active, active virus with lower levels of cells (CD4 count).
- AIDS Stage: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, final stage. The immune system is almost completely dysfunctional. Patient has opportunistic infections, CD4 level is under 200 cells/mm3.
- Testing methodologies include nucleic acid test (NAT).
Opportunistic Infections
- Infections in immunocompromised people(AIDS), mainly due to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Immune System Diseases
-
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Chronic autoimmune disorder affecting joints.
- Inflammation causes tissue destruction, edema, and pannus develop.
- Possible complications: rheumatoid vasculitis and ankylosis.
- Symmetrical joint involvement (hands, ankles, feet, knees, wrists, hips, elbows, shoulders).
-
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Chronic inflammatory disorder of connective tissue.
- Inflammation and tissue damage.
- Autoimmune with antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) production.
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Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid gland.
- Leads to low thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4).
- Symptoms include lethargy, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, and bradycardia.
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Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid gland.
- Leads to increased thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4).
- Symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance, increased heart rate and blood pressure, diarrhea, smooth skin, and soft hair.
- Thyroid Storm: Medical emergency, sudden surge in thyroid hormones.
- Symptoms include high fever, agitation, delirium, congestive heart failure, and loss of consciousness.
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Glomerulonephritis: Kidney disease.
- Damage to the glomeruli in the kidney.
- Filtering units are damaged.
- Hepatitis: Liver infection, typically transmitted by food-borne route or bodily fluids.
Medications
- Several antiviral medications to treat specific infections.
- Medications for inflammation and pain management.
- Corticosteroids reduce inflammation.
- Medications for hypertension, swelling, etc.
Teaching Tips
- Hyperthyroidism: Eye protection (sunglasses), artificial tears; head elevation, follow-up.
- HIV Prevention strategies: Safe sex practices and drug usage precautions.
Other Important Information
- Emergency Protocols: Understand emergency responses, such as administering medications for life-threatening conditions.
- Patient Education: Educate patients about medications, follow-up care and proper hygiene.
- Nursing Considerations: Provide patient support, monitor vital signs and other symptoms as necessary.
- Risk Factors: Understanding risk factors relating to each disease discussed helps in prevention and management.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terms related to the immune system. This quiz covers essential concepts such as antibodies, antigens, and various types of immune responses. Strengthen your understanding of how the immune system functions to protect the body.
