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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the first line of defense in the immune system?
What is the primary role of the first line of defense in the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense?
How does the skin contribute to the first line of defense?
How does the skin contribute to the first line of defense?
What is the role of normal flora in the first line of defense?
What is the role of normal flora in the first line of defense?
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How does the inflammatory response contribute to the first line of defense?
How does the inflammatory response contribute to the first line of defense?
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
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Which type of immunity is responsible for the production of antibodies?
Which type of immunity is responsible for the production of antibodies?
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What is the role of T helper cells in the immune response?
What is the role of T helper cells in the immune response?
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Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucous membranes?
Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in mucous membranes?
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Which of the following is a mechanism by which antibodies neutralize pathogens?
Which of the following is a mechanism by which antibodies neutralize pathogens?
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Which type of T cell is responsible for killing infected cells?
Which type of T cell is responsible for killing infected cells?
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What is the role of MHC molecules in the immune response?
What is the role of MHC molecules in the immune response?
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What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune system?
What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune system?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the secondary immune response?
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In the context of the provided content, what is the primary function of cytokines?
In the context of the provided content, what is the primary function of cytokines?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of passive immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of passive immunity?
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What is the role of MHC class I molecules in the immune system?
What is the role of MHC class I molecules in the immune system?
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What is one of the main reasons why an aging immune system is more susceptible to infections?
What is one of the main reasons why an aging immune system is more susceptible to infections?
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In the context of the provided content, what is the primary function of interferons?
In the context of the provided content, what is the primary function of interferons?
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Which of the following is an example of an attenuated vaccine?
Which of the following is an example of an attenuated vaccine?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a common response to vaccination?
Which of the following is NOT considered a common response to vaccination?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils within the immune system?
What is the primary role of neutrophils within the immune system?
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Flashcards
First Line of Defense
First Line of Defense
The body's initial protection against pathogens, including skin and mucous membranes.
Pathogens
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause disease, such as bacteria and viruses.
Immune System
Immune System
The system in the body that defends against infection and disease.
Mucous Membranes
Mucous Membranes
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Skin's Role
Skin's Role
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T cell antigen recognition
T cell antigen recognition
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MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
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Life span of red blood cells (RBC)
Life span of red blood cells (RBC)
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Cytokines
Cytokines
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Interleukins (IL)
Interleukins (IL)
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Vaccination (Active)
Vaccination (Active)
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Vaccination (Passive)
Vaccination (Passive)
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Aging immune system
Aging immune system
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Cilia in bronchi
Cilia in bronchi
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Acquired immune response
Acquired immune response
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Lymph nodes function
Lymph nodes function
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Innate immunity
Innate immunity
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Acquired immunity characteristics
Acquired immunity characteristics
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B cells
B cells
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Antibody classes
Antibody classes
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Neutralization (Antibody function)
Neutralization (Antibody function)
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T cells
T cells
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Study Notes
Immune System Study Notes
- First Line of Defense: Skin and cilia in the bronchi are part of the first line of defense.
Lymphatic System
- Lymph Nodes: Acquired immune response activation occurs in lymph nodes through interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper cells. Lymphocyte activation happens here too. Lymph circulation occurs via gravity and muscle movements, moving from distal to central locations and utilizing valves.
Overview of the Immune System
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Innate Immunity: The immune system's initial response, non-specific. Neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells are key components.
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Immune Response: Antigen-specific responses occur in response to initial or further encounters with antigens.
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Acquired Immunity: The adaptive immune system (responds to specific antigens.) This involves helper T cells and antigen-presenting cells, leading to humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated responses (e.g., cytotoxic T cells).
Innate Immunity
- At Birth: Recognizes self versus non-self antigens.
- Rapid Response: Responds within minutes.
- Components: White blood cells crucial to innate immunity, including macrophages and natural killer cells (NK cells).
Hematopoiesis
- Multipotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell: (Hemocytoblast) is the origin of all blood cells.
- Development Pathways: Differentiates into common myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells, leading to various blood cell types: Erythrocytes, Mast cells, Myeloblasts, Natural killer cells, Small lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Megakaryocytes, Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, and Thrombocytes. Macrophage development is displayed.
Acquired Immunity: Lymphocytes
- Development: Develops after birth.
- Specificity: Each lymphocyte recognizes a specific antigen (non-self).
- Time to Develop: Takes a few days to develop.
- Cell Interaction: Involves interaction between T helper cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Memory: Provides long-term immunity ("remembers" past exposures).
- Memory Cells: Secondary responses are stronger and quicker.
Acquired Immunity: Lymphocytes (2 Major Functions)
- Humoral Immunity: Involves antibody production.
- Cell-Mediated Immunity: Primarily involves T cells (e.g., cytotoxic T cells).
Humoral Immunity
- B Cells (B Lymphocytes): Produced and mature in bone marrow.
- Antigen Recognition: Recognize antigens via B cell receptors (BCRs).
- Activation: Activated by antigens, messengers from T helper cells (Th cells), resulting in plasma cells and memory B cells.
- Antibody Production: Plasma cells secrete antibodies (Immunoglobulins).
Antibody
- Structure: Has a "Y" shape with antigen-binding fragments (Fab) and a crystallizable fragment (Fc).
- Complement Binding Site: At the Fc portion.
Antibody (Immunoglobulin, Ig) Classes
- IgM: Found on B cells; activates complement system.
- IgG: High concentration in blood, effective against many pathogens.
- IgA: Found in mucous membranes (e.g., respiratory tract, GI tract).
- IgE: Involved in allergic responses.
- IgD: Found on B cells; role in B cell activation.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Neutralization: Blocks microbes from infecting host cells.
- Agglutination: Links antigens (e.g., bacteria) for easier phagocytosis.
- Opsonization: Enhances phagocytosis (e.g., by coating pathogens).
- Complement Proteins: Work together in a cascade to fight bacterial infection.
Cell Mediated Immunity
- T Cells: Born in bone marrow, mature in the thymus.
- Antigen Recognition: Recognize antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Effector/Killer T Cells (CTLs): Kill target cells (e.g., infected cells, cancer cells).
- Memory Cells: Provide long-term immunity to specific pathogens.
- T-Cell Types: Helper T cells (CD4 T cells) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells) are two types of T cells.
MHC (Cell Surface Markers)
- Antigen Presentation: T cells only recognize presented antigens.
- MHC Molecules: Major histocompatibility complex molecules display antigens.
- HLA: Human Leukocyte Antigens (a type of MHC molecule).
- MHC I: Found on nucleated cells and present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.
- Unique to Each Person: MHC molecules are unique to each person, identifiable like a fingerprint.
Life Span of Blood Cells
- RBC: 120 days (4 months).
- Platelets: 7-8 days.
- Neutrophils: Up to 12 hours.
- Monocytes/Macrophage: 3 days.
Other Factors in Immune Responses
- Cytokines: Chemical messengers regulating the immune response.
- Chemokines: Chemoattractant to bring immune cells to sites of injury or infection.
Cytokines: Interleukins (IL)
- Effects: Influence macrophages, neutrophils, antibody responses, and lymphocyte differentiation, impacting immune cell growth.
- Role in Immune Cell Responses: Help with immune response.
- Associated with Inflammation: Linked to symptoms like fever and malaise.
Cytokines: Interferon
- Anti-viral and Anti-tumor:
- Macrophage and Killer Cell Lysis: Facilitates the attack by macrophages and killer cells.
- Lymphocyte Proliferation Inhibition: Can inhibit or control the reproduction of lymphocytes.
Application of Immune Responses: Vaccinations
- Active Immunity: Stimulates an immune response to create memory cells.
- Vaccines can involve killed organisms (inactivated) or live, weakened organisms (attenuated).
- COVID vaccines can also be mRNA or DNA-based.
- Passive Immunity: Involves receiving pre-formed antibodies.
- Immunoglobulin (IV-Ig): IVIg is a form of passive immunity.
- Nursing Considerations: Nurses need to know about patient conditions/reactions, like temperature, edema, etc. The patient's vaccination status needs to be taken into account. Adverse effects and allergic reactions need to be observed.
New Theory: Aging Immune System
- Persistent Infections: Chronic infections potentially affect immune system function (e.g., herpes, chickenpox).
- Thymus Degeneration: Impairment of the thymus can lessen production of T cells.
- Memory Cell Reduction: The number of memory T and B cells declines.
- Impact on Vaccination Response: Leads to a reduced reaction to vaccinations.
Assessment and Precautions
- Assessment: Important for proper evaluation.
- Standard Precautions: Important for preventing infection in healthcare settings.
- Exposure Policy: To blood and body fluids (see student handbook).
Review: Immune Response Questions
- Acquired Immunity Characteristics: Include antigen specificity, development over time, memory (and a secondary response compared to initial exposure,) etc.
- Main Cell Types: Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), APCs.
- Antibody Structure: Y-shaped, containing antigen-binding regions (Fab) and constant regions (Fc).
- Antigen-Antibody Responses: Include neutralization, agglutination, opsonization.
- Immune Response Messengers (Immune Effectors): Cytokines and interferons.
- WBCs (Differential Count): Include neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, etc.
- T-Cell Antigen Recognition: Recognizing antigen fragments presented on MHC molecules by APCs.
- Nursing Care Related to Vaccines: Monitoring temperature, edema, discomfort, allergic reactions; giving fluids, pain relievers, etc.
- Self vs. Non-Self Recognition: Crucial for an immune system to only address harmful antigens.
- Lymphatic System Functions: Part of immune system (circulate fluids), part of the circulatory system
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of the immune system, including innate and acquired immunity, lymphatic system functions, and the roles of lymph nodes. Dive into the first line of defense and understand the mechanisms of immune responses. Perfect for students studying biology or healthcare fields.
