Immune System: Response & Composition

<p>The institute's e-learning platform (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To defend the body against pathogens and abnormal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of immune response and the composition of the immune system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% of lectures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under controlled conditions in computer rooms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary lymphatic organs are responsible for the tolerogenic response, while secondary lymphatic organs initiate immunogenic immune responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to generate long-term protection against a previously encountered pathogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the production of pathogen-specific antibodies and the creation of memory cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immunity is specific to particular pathogens, while natural immunity targets conserved molecular patterns on microorganisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of lymphocytes and their differentiation into effector cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential of heat-treated toxins to induce antitoxic immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His development of a staining method for identifying acid-fast bacteria and the development of Salvarsan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concept of cellular immunity through the observation of phagocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular immunity by demonstrating the role of white blood cells and transmissible immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differentiation between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complement system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying the source of antibody activity as being within the gamma-globulin fraction of serum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kitasato showed that injecting heat-treated diphtheria toxin into guinea pigs could induce protective immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Site where naive lymphocytes encounter antigens, leading to activation and differentiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elimination or inactivation of immune cells that recognize self-antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red bone marrow is responsible for B-cell maturation, while the thymus is responsible for T-cell maturation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By transporting antigens from tissues to lymph nodes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides an environment for T-cells to mature and differentiate, ensuring self-tolerance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>to increase the probability of encountering their cognate antigen and initiating an adaptive immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impair the ability to initiate adaptive immune responses to new antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robert Koch - Developed pasteurization techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided a solid medium for bacterial growth, enabling the isolation of pure cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inoculating chickens with old cultures that had lost their virulence protected them from subsequent infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fractional sterilization used to kill heat-resistant bacterial spores. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The discovery of antibodies and their role in neutralizing toxins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By proving that all cells originate from pre-existing cells, refuting spontaneous generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It greatly reduced the incidence of post-surgical infections and contamination in laboratories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the body's integrity by defending against foreign substances and diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyzing geological formations to understand the origins of pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate ability to recognize all substances as 'self'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jenner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They acquired immunity and did not contract the disease again, allowing them to care for the sick. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inoculating individuals with material from smallpox lesions to induce immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that disease is caused by invisible, living agents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jenner's use of cowpox for vaccination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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The system that protects the body against diseases through detection and defense mechanisms.

Diseases that arise from improper functioning of the immune system.

The immune system's ability to distinguish between body's own cells and foreign substances.

Part of the immune response that involves antibodies in body fluids.

Immune response that involves cells destroying infected or cancerous cells.

An early method of immunization using smallpox material to induce immunity.

The process of administering a vaccine to stimulate immunity against diseases.

The development of immunity concepts from Thucydides to modern vaccination methods.

The body's defense reactions against pathogens or foreign substances.

The various cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body.

A type of immunity that is present at birth and does not require prior exposure to pathogens.

A series of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens.

Proteins that display peptide fragments for recognition by T-cells in the immune response.

Surface receptors on B-lymphocytes that bind to specific antigens.

Different subclasses of T-cells that perform various functions in the immune response (e.g., helper, cytotoxic).

The ability of the immune system to recognize the body's own cells and not attack them.

Bone marrow and thymus where immune cells are formed.

Organs like spleen and lymph nodes, involved in immune responses.

Specific defense mechanisms activated after prior exposure to pathogens.

Immune system response that promotes tolerance to non-harmful antigens.

Discovered heat-resistant bacterial spores and examined fluids using microscopes.

A method for decontaminating heat-sensitive fluids using heat and cooling cycles.

States that the basic unit of living organisms is the cell.

Concept that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases.

Process of heating to kill harmful bacteria in food and drinks.

Four criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Methods employed to prevent contamination by pathogens during procedures.

Described bacterial exotoxins and tested antitoxic immunity in 1890.

Protective substances detected in the blood of immunized animals.

Treatment using serum from immunized animals to transfer immunity.

Cells recognized by Ehrlich, linked to allergy and immune responses.

Immune response involving antibodies in body fluids.

Cellular process of engulfing and destroying pathogens.

Key white blood cells involved in humoral and cellular immunity.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by the immune system.

Danger-associated molecular patterns released from damaged cells.

Pattern-recognition receptors that identify PAMPs and DAMPs.

Substances that are specifically recognized by immune cells as foreign or abnormal.

Pathogens that infect and replicate within the body's own cells.

Pathogens that attack from outside the body's cells.

Sites of blood cell formation, primarily bone marrow and thymus.

Organ where T-lymphocytes mature; located behind the sternum.

Locations where immune cells encounter antigens and activate immune responses.

Primary lymphatic organ in birds for B-lymphocyte maturation.