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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the immune system?
Which organs are classified as primary organs of the immune system?
What distinguishes the adaptive immune response from the innate response?
Which type of cell is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?
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Which of the following cells are essential phagocytes in the blood?
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Where do T lymphocytes mature in the immune system?
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What role do macrophages play in the immune response?
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Which group of cells primarily acts against worms and fungi?
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What is the main function of anatomic barriers in the immune system?
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Which component is NOT a part of the innate immune response?
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How do M cells in the intestine interact with pathogens like Shigella?
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Which of the following enzymes is found concentrated in tears and contributes to the immune response?
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What role do granulocytes play in the immune response?
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What is the primary action of dendritic cells in the immune system?
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Which primary factor in the stomach aids in preventing colonization by pathogens?
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Which of the following statements is true about monocytes?
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Study Notes
Immune System
- The immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from pathogens.
- The primary organs of the immune system are the bone marrow and thymus.
- The secondary organs are the lymph nodes, lymph, and spleen.
Immune Reaction
- The immune system reacts in two ways: the innate response and the adaptive response.
Innate Response
- The innate response is faster and recognizes molecules found in pathogens.
- It causes inflammation.
Adaptive Response
- The adaptive response is slower but more specific.
- It involves two types of cells: T cells and B cells.
- T cells kill pathogens and infected cells.
- B cells produce antibodies.
Immune Cells
- Immune cells are derived from hematpoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
- They develop in either the myeloid or lymphoid series.
Myeloid Series
- Erythroblasts and megakaryocytes do not participate in immune reactions.
- Eosinophils and mast cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions.
- Red blood cells transport oxygen and convert carbon dioxide.
- Platelets are involved in blood clotting and inflammation.
- Neutrophils are essential phagocytes in the blood and kill bacteria.
- Basophils function in inflammatory and allergic situations.
- Eosinophils act against worms and fungi and are involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.
- Mast cells are tissue cells that cause local inflammatory reactions and are involved in allergy symptoms.
- Monocytes are blood phagocytes that leave the circulation and become macrophages and dendritic cells.
- Macrophages are large phagocytes that devour and eliminate foreign cells.
- Dendritic cells process foreign material and present it to lymphocytes.
Lymphoid Series
- Lymphocytes mature in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.
- T cells recognize cells infected by pathogens.
- B cells produce antibodies that target pathogens.
- Activated B cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies.
- Null cells kill abnormal cells by cell-mediated immunity.
Cells of the Infectious Response
- Groups of cells that are more likely to be infected include:
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
- Agranulocytes: Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Macrophages
Innate Response
- Protects against microorganisms.
- The first line of defense includes:
- Anatomic barriers
- Cellular response
- Chemical response
- The adaptive response is the second line of defense.
Innate Immune Response
- The innate immune system is the one you are born with.
- It creates resistance to pathogen progression.
- Components include:
- Physical barriers (skin and native flora)
- Cough reflex
- Enzymes in tears and skin oils
- Mucus
- Gastric acid
- Chemical immunity
Skin and Mucous Membranes
- Thick layers of skin contain insoluble keratins.
- The digestive and urogenital tracts contain peptidoglycan, a unique component of the bacterial cell wall, and lysozyme, an enzyme concentrated in tears and conjunctiva.
Factors that Promote Colonization
- The low pH of the vagina and stomach makes colonization difficult.
- Small particles (5 to 10µM).
- Skin and mucous contain concentrations of lymphoid tissue.
- Lipoid aggregations trap and deliver invaders to phagocytic cells.
Organs and Tissues
- Skin: Contains oils and an acidic pH.
- Mouth and GI tract: Contains enzymes.
- Stomach: Low pH.
- Small Intestines: Digestive enzymes.
- Large Intestine: Normal flora shares intestinal flora.
The Gut
- In the intestine, cells that are normally present (B cells) are enveloped in a mucus layer that contains macrophages.
- Shigella, a pathogen, takes advantage of the receptivity of M cells.
- M cells attack enterocytes (intestinal cells).
Monocytes: Anti-Infectious Actions
- Morphological Terms: Cells that differentiate rapidly.
- Macrophages are found circulating in the blood and in tissues.
- Macrophages contain surface receptors such as mannose, fructose, and LPS (lipopolysaccharide).
Dendritic Cells: Anti-Infectious Actions
- Reside in the skin.
- Contain phagosomes and respond to alien antigens.
- PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) are recognized and phagocytosis occurs, resulting in the release of cytokines.
- Dentritic cells migrate to lymphoid tissues.
Granulocytes: Anti-Infectious Actions
- Neutrophils are the most active polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs).
- PMNs contain multilobed nuclei and granules that contain enzymes such as:
- Peroxidase
- Lysozyme
- Defensins
- Collagenase
Granulocyte Actions
- Granulocytes exhibit both independent and dependent pathways.
- They are present in circulation.
- They are involved in allergic reactions, along with mast cells and basophils.
- They defend against parasitic infections.
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Description
This quiz explores the components and functions of the immune system, including the innate and adaptive responses, and the roles of various immune cells. Learn about primary and secondary organs of immunity and their specific responses to pathogens.
