30 Questions
What is the term used to describe blood cell formation?
Hematopoiesis
Which type of immunity involves the internalized system of protective cells?
Innate immunity
What is responsible for the long-term immunity provided by encountering foreign substances?
Memory
Which cells recognize foreign markers and should ignore self markers?
Cells of the immune system
What is the term for the white blood cells that are used in the body's immune system?
Leukocytes
Where are hematopoietic stem cells found?
Red bone marrow
What is the term for the fluid connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended?
Blood plasma
Which of the following is a function of interferon?
Defenses against viruses and other microbes
What is the main function of complement proteins?
Destroying bacteria and some viruses
Which type of fever is generally considered risky and should be treated according to medical experts?
High and prolonged fevers
What is the role of antimicrobial peptides?
Inserting themselves into bacterial membranes
In what circumstances should fevers be treated according to the text?
Fevers in those with cardiovascular disease, head trauma, seizures, and respiratory ailments
What is the specificity of interferon in its defense against microbes?
Interferon is not virus specific
What is the main outcome of complement activation?
Enhanced inflammation and phagocytosis
What is the role of cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in fever management?
They can make the decision to suppress fever difficult
What is the function of antimicrobial proteins known as interferon?
Involved in defenses against viruses and other microbes
Which type of white blood cells are mainly found in connective tissues?
Monocytes
Which white blood cells are categorized as agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Which white blood cells are attracted to sites of inflammation and act as active phagocytes with antimicrobial agents in their granules?
Neutrophils
What process is known as the doubling of white blood cell counts in response to infection?
Leukocytosis
Which cells recover extracellular fluid before it can return to the bloodstream?
Lymphatic capillaries
Which cells play a major role in the immune system, killing diseased self-cells and making antibodies to disable foreign cells or viruses?
Lymphocytes
Which cells secrete chemicals to enhance local inflammation and aid in the mobility and actions of other white blood cells?
Basophils
Which body tract's defenses include continuous urine flow, vaginal secretions, and antimicrobial chemicals in semen?
Genitourinary tract
Which immune cells survey tissues for microbes, ingest foreign substances, and recognize immunogenic information in foreign matter?
Neutrophils and macrophages
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of the inflammatory response?
Swelling
What inhibits microorganism multiplication, reduces iron availability for bacteria, and stimulates immune reactions through increased metabolism?
Fever
What triggers the immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Phagocytes
What causes vascular reactions, edema, leukocyte migration, and fever as a systemic response in the body?
Inflammation
What immune cells react to foreign molecules, produce antibodies, and kill intruders directly?
T cells and B cells
Study Notes
Immune System Defenses in Various Body Tracts
- Tears and saliva contain lysozyme, which hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in bacteria cell walls, aiding in defense against pathogens
- Nasal hair traps larger particles, while the respiratory tract's copious mucus flow helps flush out irritants during allergies and colds
- Genitourinary tract defenses include continuous urine flow, vaginal secretions, and antimicrobial chemicals in semen, maintaining protective acidic pH in the vagina
- The digestive tract's saliva, stomach acid, bile, and resident microbiota provide microbial antagonism and create unfavorable environments for pathogens
- Phagocytes, including neutrophils and macrophages, survey tissues for microbes, ingest foreign substances, and recognize immunogenic information in foreign matter
- Phagocytes recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger the immune system
- Phagolysosome formation and killing involves lysosomes fusing with phagosomes, releasing antimicrobial chemicals to kill bacteria within 30 minutes
- Five signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response include redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function, mobilizing immune components and repairing tissue damage
- Inflammation's major events involve nervous stimulation, chemical mediators, and cytokines, causing vascular reactions, edema, leukocyte migration, and fever as a systemic response
- Fever inhibits microorganism multiplication, reduces iron availability for bacteria, and stimulates immune reactions through increased metabolism
- Pyrogens reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting, with exogenous pyrogens originating from outside the body and endogenous pyrogens released during phagocytosis
- Macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, and damaged tissue, while B and T lymphocytes react to foreign molecules, produce antibodies, and kill intruders directly
Test your knowledge of the immune system defenses in various body tracts with this quiz. Explore the roles of tears, saliva, nasal hair, mucus flow, urine, vaginal secretions, stomach acid, phagocytes, inflammatory response, fever, pyrogens, and lymphocytes in protecting the body from pathogens.
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