biology quiz revision 2
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Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?

  • Cilia
  • Phagocytes (correct)
  • Gastric acid
  • Sebum

    • Examples of first line of defense include:

  • Sebum, sweat and macrophages
  • Lysozymes, vasodilation and inflammation
  • Cilia, mucous and lysozymes (correct)
  • Mucous, tears and neutrophils

    • Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.

  • Salivase
  • Sebum
  • Amylase
  • Lysozymes (correct)

    • The inflammatory response is characterized by:

    <p>Increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:

    <p>Dust, bites and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:

    <p>Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of second lines of defence include:

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nonspecific defense cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:

    <p>Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main phagocytic cells in the body are:

    <p>Macrophages and neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?

    <p>Formation of new epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:

    <p>Leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microorganism produces endospores?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?

    <p>Prion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An opportunistic infection is:

    <p>An infection caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of an endogenous infection would be:

    <p>An infection caused by organisms from the person's own gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthcare associated infection is:

    <p>An infection acquired only in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called

    <p>Reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:

    <p>Can cause surgical wound infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A superbug is a microorganism which:

    <p>Is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is

    <p>Vector transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:

    <p>Acquired whilst in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a

    <p>Fomite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?

    <p>Urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of synthesising a protein from a mRNA template is termed

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?

    <p>Inhibits cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonizes:

    <p>The nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A subclinical infection is:

    <p>An infection that does not produce any recognizable signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are probiotics?

    <p>Bacteria that promote good health in the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:

    <p>In the form of a patch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:

    <p>Toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein synthesis takes place on

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:

    <p>More potent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?

    <p>Bacteria must synthesize folic acid while humans acquire it from their diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability for a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism responsible for the disease without causing harm to the host cells is termed

    <p>Selective toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:

    <p>Made synthetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An antibiotic that has the ability to inhibit replication of the microorganism so the host's immune system can kill the microorganism is termed

    <p>Bacteriostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:

    <p>Cells of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polypharmacy is more common in patients:

    <p>With increasing age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?

    <p>Human ribosomes are different from bacterial ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?

    <p>6.25 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The infectious substance of a prion is

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extent of a drug’s protein binding determines its:

    <p>Bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:

    <p>By poor vascularization at the site of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:

    <p>As a suppository</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?

    <p>Virus must invade a host cell in order to replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The infectious substance of a prion is:

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major difference between human body cells and procaryotic cells is

    <p>Procaryotic cells have a cell wall and human body cells do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?

    <p>Swelling and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?

    <p>Lysozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is:

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body

    <p>From all foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?

    <p>Virus must invade a host cell in order to replicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?

    <p>Natural killer cells and phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:

    <p>Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall and human body cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are

    <p>Normal urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the

    <p>Mode of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?

    <p>Swelling and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?

    <p>Lysozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to

    <p>The process by which microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information will a serology report provide?

    <p>Presence of specific antibodies in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the inflammatory phase?

    <p>Growth of new capillaries within the tissue to restore vascular supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body:

    <p>From all foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells of the specific immune system does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroy?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?

    <p>Natural killer cells and phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B and T lymphocytes originate in the

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The proteins secreted by plasma cells are called

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:

    <p>Normal urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T lymphocytes are involved in

    <p>Cell mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:

    <p>Source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:

    <p>The process by which microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CD8 cells?

    <p>A toxic attack on antigen associated invading cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:

    <p>Mechanical transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following cells belong to the specific immune system except

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An elderly person that develops shingles would have been previously exposed to which disease?

    <p>Chicken pox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vaccinating a person is an example of

    <p>Active artificial immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma cells and memory cells both belong to

    <p>Humoral immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two categories of lymphocytes are

    <p>B and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies acquired by a baby during breastfeeding is an example of

    <p>Passive natural immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of active natural immunity?

    <p>Becoming infected by the bacteria that causes whooping cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytotoxic T cells and memory cells both belong to

    <p>Cell mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maturation of B lymphocytes takes place in the

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells?

    <p>To release cytokines that activate the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Another name for adaptive immunity is

    <p>Specific immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maturation of T lymphocytes takes place in the

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell mediated immune response involves

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as part of the humoral immune response?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of active artificial immunity?

    <p>Vaccination against chicken pox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated helper T cells release molecules called

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a primary lymphoid organ?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph enters a lymph node via

    <p>Afferent lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the neck region are called

    <p>Cervical nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When lymph nodes trap foreign cells they will

    <p>Swell in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body regions will the right lymphatic duct drain?

    <p>Right side of head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The composition of lymph differs from that of blood in that lymph has a

    <p>Lower percentage of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sequence of lymphatic drainage, lymphatic trunks will drain into lymphatic

    <p>Ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that protect mucosal surfaces include all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid present within the lymphatic system is called

    <p>Lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following body areas EXCEPT

    <p>Right upper limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the groin region are called

    <p>Inguinal nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are normal components of lymph EXCEPT

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs filters lymph?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specialized lymphatic vessels present within villi of small intestines, that serve to absorb digested fats are called

    <p>Lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT

    <p>Transportation of dietary sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive tract include all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Islets of Langerhans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphoid tissue present at the entrance of the pharynx are called

    <p>Tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymph nodes swell when exposed to foreign cells due to

    <p>Lymphocytes increasing in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune Responses and Microorganisms

    • The second line of defense comprises elements like phagocytes and natural killer cells.
    • First line of defense examples include physical and chemical barriers such as cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.
    • Lysozymes in saliva and tears destroy certain bacteria, providing protection against infection.
    • The inflammatory response features increased vascular permeability, allowing serum proteins to access inflamed tissues.
    • Causes of acute inflammatory response can include environmental irritants and infections.
    • Normal flora can benefit the host by inhibiting harmful microorganisms' growth.

    Microbial Characteristics

    • Bacteria possess the ability to produce endospores and can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative based on their cell wall structure.
    • Prions are mutated proteins responsible for diseases like Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
    • Bacteria are characterized by having a cell wall and lacking a nucleus, unlike viruses which require a host cell for replication.
    • The fimbriae structure in bacteria aids in attachment to surfaces, enhancing their ability to cause infections.

    Infections and Antibiotic Resistance

    • Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that typically do not cause disease but can under certain conditions, like immune compromise.
    • Endogenous infections stem from organisms within the individual's body, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Healthcare-associated infections can often occur in medical facilities, with common sites including the urinary tract.
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) predominantly colonizes the nose and can lead to serious infections.

    Pharmacology and Drug Action

    • Pharmacology studies the usage, effects, and mechanisms of drugs, with therapeutic index indicating drug toxicity.
    • Transdermal administration typically occurs through patches, allowing for systemic absorption of medication.
    • The half-life of drugs, such as morphine, determines how long a drug remains active in the body; for example, after 6 hours, 6.25 mg of morphine will remain from an initial 25 mg dose.
    • Drug absorption effectiveness can be hindered by factors such as poor vascularization at the administration site.

    Molecular Biology

    • The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA templates is called translation; copying DNA to produce mRNA is referred to as transcription.
    • Penicillin acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, rendering bacteria unable to maintain structural integrity.
    • Probiotics are beneficial bacteria promoting digestive health and can help restore gut flora balance after antibiotic use.

    Infection Control Practices

    • Breaking the chain of infection involves measures like isolating infected individuals to prevent pathogen transmission.
    • Different modes of transmission include direct contact, indirect contact transmission (e.g., via contaminated surfaces), and vector transmission through insects.
    • Fomites are inanimate objects capable of transmitting disease due to contamination.

    Clinical Assays and Testing

    • A disc diffusion test evaluates antibiotic effectiveness by measuring the zone of inhibition around antibiotic discs, indicating susceptibility of microorganisms to specific treatments.### Protein Synthesis and Antibiotics
    • Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes, essential for building proteins.
    • Antibiotics that block folic acid synthesis selectively target bacteria because humans obtain folic acid from their diet, while bacteria must synthesize it.
    • Selective toxicity refers to a drug's ability to kill or inhibit microbes without harming host cells.

    Types of Antibiotic Action

    • Bactericidal antibiotics kill microorganisms, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their replication, allowing the immune system to eliminate them.
    • Antibiotics affecting protein synthesis exploit differences in ribosome structures between humans and bacteria for selective toxicity.

    Key Scientists and Theories

    • Robert Koch is credited with proposing the germ theory of disease.
    • Louis Pasteur contributed significantly to microbiology alongside Koch.

    Prion Infectiousness

    • Prions, infectious agents, are primarily composed of proteins, lacking nucleic acid (RNA or DNA).

    Cell Biology

    • The first use of the term "cell" is attributed to Robert Hooke.
    • Bacterial attachment to surfaces is facilitated by pili or fimbriae.

    Immune Response Mechanisms

    • Viral replication requires the invasion of a host cell.
    • Key differences between human cells and prokaryotic cells include the lack of a true nucleus in human cells.
    • Neutrophils are the first white blood cells that respond to inflammation and tissue injury.

    Inflammatory and Defense Systems

    • Vasodilation during inflammation leads to redness and swelling.
    • Lysozymes are antimicrobial proteins found in saliva and tears.
    • The innate defense system is always ready to protect against all foreign substances.

    Lymphatic System and Immunity

    • The body's second line of defense consists of natural killer cells and phagocytes.
    • Urinary tract defense is significantly aided by normal urine flow.
    • Isolating infected individuals interrupts the chain of infection at the mode of transmission.

    Antibodies and Immune Cells

    • Serology tests reveal the presence of specific antibodies in the blood, indicating immune responses.
    • HIV destroys helper T cells, crucial to the specific immune response.
    • B and T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow.

    Immune Responses and Vaccination

    • Plasma cells secrete antibodies, which are vital for humoral immunity.
    • Vaccination constitutes active artificial immunity, promoting the body’s own immune response.
    • Memory cells retain information about past infections for quicker responses in future encounters.

    Lymphatic Drainage and Composition

    • Lymph enters lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels.
    • The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right side of the head and upper limb.
    • Lymph differs from blood in containing fewer proteins and red blood cells.
    • The primary lymphoid organ responsible for maturation of B lymphocytes is red bone marrow.

    MALT and Immune Functions

    • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) protects mucosal surfaces and includes tonsils and Peyer's patches.
    • The spleen and lymph nodes filter lymph to trap foreign cells.
    • Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels in the intestines that absorb fats.

    Overview of Immunity Types

    • Active natural immunity occurs through natural infection.
    • Passive natural immunity is conferred via maternal antibodies during breastfeeding.
    • Cytotoxic T cells perform direct attacks on infected cells, while helper T cells activate immune responses through cytokine release.
    • Adaptive immunity is another name for specific immunity, distinguishing it from innate defenses.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the immune system's defense mechanisms. This quiz covers the first and second lines of defense against microorganisms, including specific components such as phagocytes and lysozymes. Challenge yourself to identify the correct answers and deepen your understanding of immunology.

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