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Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?
- Cilia
- Phagocytes (correct)
- Gastric acid
- Sebum
Examples of first line of defense include:
Examples of first line of defense include:
- Sebum, sweat and macrophages
- Lysozymes, vasodilation and inflammation
- Cilia, mucous and lysozymes (correct)
- Mucous, tears and neutrophils
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.
- Salivase
- Sebum
- Amylase
- Lysozymes (correct)
The inflammatory response is characterized by:
The inflammatory response is characterized by:
The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
Examples of second lines of defence include:
Examples of second lines of defence include:
Which nonspecific defense cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
Which nonspecific defense cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
An opportunistic infection is:
An opportunistic infection is:
An example of an endogenous infection would be:
An example of an endogenous infection would be:
A healthcare associated infection is:
A healthcare associated infection is:
The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called
The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
A superbug is a microorganism which:
A superbug is a microorganism which:
A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is
A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is
A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a
An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a
Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
The process of synthesising a protein from a mRNA template is termed
The process of synthesising a protein from a mRNA template is termed
The RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called
The RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called
Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?
Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonizes:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonizes:
A subclinical infection is:
A subclinical infection is:
What are probiotics?
What are probiotics?
The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed
The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed
The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called
The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called
In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of
In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of
The therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
The therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
Protein synthesis takes place on
Protein synthesis takes place on
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?
How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?
The ability for a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism responsible for the disease without causing harm to the host cells is termed
The ability for a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism responsible for the disease without causing harm to the host cells is termed
In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
An antibiotic that has the ability to inhibit replication of the microorganism so the host's immune system can kill the microorganism is termed
An antibiotic that has the ability to inhibit replication of the microorganism so the host's immune system can kill the microorganism is termed
Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?
Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?
The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was
The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was
The infectious substance of a prion is
The infectious substance of a prion is
The extent of a drug’s protein binding determines its:
The extent of a drug’s protein binding determines its:
Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is
Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is
The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:
The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:
Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
The infectious substance of a prion is:
The infectious substance of a prion is:
A major difference between human body cells and procaryotic cells is
A major difference between human body cells and procaryotic cells is
When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
Which of the following possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?
Which of the following possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?
During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is:
Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is:
The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body
The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body
Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?
Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?
A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:
A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:
When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are
An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are
Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the
Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the
During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to
In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to
What information will a serology report provide?
What information will a serology report provide?
Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the inflammatory phase?
Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the inflammatory phase?
The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body:
The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body:
Which cells of the specific immune system does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroy?
Which cells of the specific immune system does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroy?
Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?
Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?
B and T lymphocytes originate in the
B and T lymphocytes originate in the
The proteins secreted by plasma cells are called
The proteins secreted by plasma cells are called
An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:
An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:
T lymphocytes are involved in
T lymphocytes are involved in
Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:
Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:
The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides
The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides
In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:
In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:
What is the role of CD8 cells?
What is the role of CD8 cells?
If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:
If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:
All of the following cells belong to the specific immune system except
All of the following cells belong to the specific immune system except
An elderly person that develops shingles would have been previously exposed to which disease?
An elderly person that develops shingles would have been previously exposed to which disease?
Vaccinating a person is an example of
Vaccinating a person is an example of
Plasma cells and memory cells both belong to
Plasma cells and memory cells both belong to
The two categories of lymphocytes are
The two categories of lymphocytes are
Antibodies acquired by a baby during breastfeeding is an example of
Antibodies acquired by a baby during breastfeeding is an example of
Which of the following is an example of active natural immunity?
Which of the following is an example of active natural immunity?
Cytotoxic T cells and memory cells both belong to
Cytotoxic T cells and memory cells both belong to
Maturation of B lymphocytes takes place in the
Maturation of B lymphocytes takes place in the
What is the role of helper T cells?
What is the role of helper T cells?
Another name for adaptive immunity is
Another name for adaptive immunity is
Maturation of T lymphocytes takes place in the
Maturation of T lymphocytes takes place in the
Cell mediated immune response involves
Cell mediated immune response involves
What is produced as part of the humoral immune response?
What is produced as part of the humoral immune response?
Which of the following is an example of active artificial immunity?
Which of the following is an example of active artificial immunity?
Activated helper T cells release molecules called
Activated helper T cells release molecules called
Which of the following is classified as a primary lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is classified as a primary lymphoid organ?
Lymph enters a lymph node via
Lymph enters a lymph node via
The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the neck region are called
The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the neck region are called
When lymph nodes trap foreign cells they will
When lymph nodes trap foreign cells they will
Which of the following body regions will the right lymphatic duct drain?
Which of the following body regions will the right lymphatic duct drain?
The composition of lymph differs from that of blood in that lymph has a
The composition of lymph differs from that of blood in that lymph has a
In the sequence of lymphatic drainage, lymphatic trunks will drain into lymphatic
In the sequence of lymphatic drainage, lymphatic trunks will drain into lymphatic
Collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that protect mucosal surfaces include all of the following EXCEPT
Collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that protect mucosal surfaces include all of the following EXCEPT
The fluid present within the lymphatic system is called
The fluid present within the lymphatic system is called
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following body areas EXCEPT
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following body areas EXCEPT
The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the groin region are called
The large cluster of lymph nodes located in the groin region are called
All of the following are normal components of lymph EXCEPT
All of the following are normal components of lymph EXCEPT
Which of the following organs filters lymph?
Which of the following organs filters lymph?
The specialized lymphatic vessels present within villi of small intestines, that serve to absorb digested fats are called
The specialized lymphatic vessels present within villi of small intestines, that serve to absorb digested fats are called
All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT
All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT
Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive tract include all of the following EXCEPT
Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive tract include all of the following EXCEPT
Lymphoid tissue present at the entrance of the pharynx are called
Lymphoid tissue present at the entrance of the pharynx are called
Lymph nodes swell when exposed to foreign cells due to
Lymph nodes swell when exposed to foreign cells due to
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Study Notes
Immune Responses and Microorganisms
- The second line of defense comprises elements like phagocytes and natural killer cells.
- First line of defense examples include physical and chemical barriers such as cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.
- Lysozymes in saliva and tears destroy certain bacteria, providing protection against infection.
- The inflammatory response features increased vascular permeability, allowing serum proteins to access inflamed tissues.
- Causes of acute inflammatory response can include environmental irritants and infections.
- Normal flora can benefit the host by inhibiting harmful microorganisms' growth.
Microbial Characteristics
- Bacteria possess the ability to produce endospores and can be classified as gram-positive or gram-negative based on their cell wall structure.
- Prions are mutated proteins responsible for diseases like Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
- Bacteria are characterized by having a cell wall and lacking a nucleus, unlike viruses which require a host cell for replication.
- The fimbriae structure in bacteria aids in attachment to surfaces, enhancing their ability to cause infections.
Infections and Antibiotic Resistance
- Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that typically do not cause disease but can under certain conditions, like immune compromise.
- Endogenous infections stem from organisms within the individual's body, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Healthcare-associated infections can often occur in medical facilities, with common sites including the urinary tract.
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) predominantly colonizes the nose and can lead to serious infections.
Pharmacology and Drug Action
- Pharmacology studies the usage, effects, and mechanisms of drugs, with therapeutic index indicating drug toxicity.
- Transdermal administration typically occurs through patches, allowing for systemic absorption of medication.
- The half-life of drugs, such as morphine, determines how long a drug remains active in the body; for example, after 6 hours, 6.25 mg of morphine will remain from an initial 25 mg dose.
- Drug absorption effectiveness can be hindered by factors such as poor vascularization at the administration site.
Molecular Biology
- The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA templates is called translation; copying DNA to produce mRNA is referred to as transcription.
- Penicillin acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, rendering bacteria unable to maintain structural integrity.
- Probiotics are beneficial bacteria promoting digestive health and can help restore gut flora balance after antibiotic use.
Infection Control Practices
- Breaking the chain of infection involves measures like isolating infected individuals to prevent pathogen transmission.
- Different modes of transmission include direct contact, indirect contact transmission (e.g., via contaminated surfaces), and vector transmission through insects.
- Fomites are inanimate objects capable of transmitting disease due to contamination.
Clinical Assays and Testing
- A disc diffusion test evaluates antibiotic effectiveness by measuring the zone of inhibition around antibiotic discs, indicating susceptibility of microorganisms to specific treatments.### Protein Synthesis and Antibiotics
- Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes, essential for building proteins.
- Antibiotics that block folic acid synthesis selectively target bacteria because humans obtain folic acid from their diet, while bacteria must synthesize it.
- Selective toxicity refers to a drug's ability to kill or inhibit microbes without harming host cells.
Types of Antibiotic Action
- Bactericidal antibiotics kill microorganisms, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their replication, allowing the immune system to eliminate them.
- Antibiotics affecting protein synthesis exploit differences in ribosome structures between humans and bacteria for selective toxicity.
Key Scientists and Theories
- Robert Koch is credited with proposing the germ theory of disease.
- Louis Pasteur contributed significantly to microbiology alongside Koch.
Prion Infectiousness
- Prions, infectious agents, are primarily composed of proteins, lacking nucleic acid (RNA or DNA).
Cell Biology
- The first use of the term "cell" is attributed to Robert Hooke.
- Bacterial attachment to surfaces is facilitated by pili or fimbriae.
Immune Response Mechanisms
- Viral replication requires the invasion of a host cell.
- Key differences between human cells and prokaryotic cells include the lack of a true nucleus in human cells.
- Neutrophils are the first white blood cells that respond to inflammation and tissue injury.
Inflammatory and Defense Systems
- Vasodilation during inflammation leads to redness and swelling.
- Lysozymes are antimicrobial proteins found in saliva and tears.
- The innate defense system is always ready to protect against all foreign substances.
Lymphatic System and Immunity
- The body's second line of defense consists of natural killer cells and phagocytes.
- Urinary tract defense is significantly aided by normal urine flow.
- Isolating infected individuals interrupts the chain of infection at the mode of transmission.
Antibodies and Immune Cells
- Serology tests reveal the presence of specific antibodies in the blood, indicating immune responses.
- HIV destroys helper T cells, crucial to the specific immune response.
- B and T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow.
Immune Responses and Vaccination
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies, which are vital for humoral immunity.
- Vaccination constitutes active artificial immunity, promoting the body’s own immune response.
- Memory cells retain information about past infections for quicker responses in future encounters.
Lymphatic Drainage and Composition
- Lymph enters lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels.
- The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right side of the head and upper limb.
- Lymph differs from blood in containing fewer proteins and red blood cells.
- The primary lymphoid organ responsible for maturation of B lymphocytes is red bone marrow.
MALT and Immune Functions
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) protects mucosal surfaces and includes tonsils and Peyer's patches.
- The spleen and lymph nodes filter lymph to trap foreign cells.
- Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels in the intestines that absorb fats.
Overview of Immunity Types
- Active natural immunity occurs through natural infection.
- Passive natural immunity is conferred via maternal antibodies during breastfeeding.
- Cytotoxic T cells perform direct attacks on infected cells, while helper T cells activate immune responses through cytokine release.
- Adaptive immunity is another name for specific immunity, distinguishing it from innate defenses.
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