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Questions and Answers
Which immune system response is dominant in plants, fungi, and insects?
Which immune system response is dominant in plants, fungi, and insects?
- Acquired immune system
- Innate immune system (correct)
- Adaptive immune system
- Specific immune system
What is the major function of the innate immune system related to foreign substances in the body?
What is the major function of the innate immune system related to foreign substances in the body?
- Promoting allergic reactions
- Identifying and removing foreign substances (correct)
- Producing antibodies
- Activating T cells
How does the innate immune system act as a barrier to infectious agents?
How does the innate immune system act as a barrier to infectious agents?
- By activating the adaptive immune system
- By directly attacking pathogens
- Via physical and chemical measures (correct)
- By producing histamines
What are anatomical barriers in the context of the innate immune system?
What are anatomical barriers in the context of the innate immune system?
Which immune cells engulf pathogens by extending portions of their plasma membrane and wrapping it around the particle?
Which immune cells engulf pathogens by extending portions of their plasma membrane and wrapping it around the particle?
What is the process by which a phagocyte engulfs a particle or pathogen?
What is the process by which a phagocyte engulfs a particle or pathogen?
Which immune cells are responsible for the removal of dead cells from affected sites?
Which immune cells are responsible for the removal of dead cells from affected sites?
What triggers a macrophage to engulf and destroy bacteria?
What triggers a macrophage to engulf and destroy bacteria?
What is the main product of the neutrophil respiratory burst that helps in attacking pathogens?
What is the main product of the neutrophil respiratory burst that helps in attacking pathogens?
What distinguishes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils from other immune cells?
What distinguishes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils from other immune cells?
What is the name for the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest particles or organisms?
What is the name for the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest particles or organisms?
Which immune cells are able to move beyond the vascular system and pursue invading pathogens in tissues?
Which immune cells are able to move beyond the vascular system and pursue invading pathogens in tissues?
Which cells are responsible for releasing characteristic granules rich in histamine and heparin when activated?
Which cells are responsible for releasing characteristic granules rich in histamine and heparin when activated?
Which cells are products of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells present in bone marrow and include natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils?
Which cells are products of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells present in bone marrow and include natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils?
Which system is composed of many plasma proteins synthesized in the liver and primarily by hepatocytes, and works to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells?
Which system is composed of many plasma proteins synthesized in the liver and primarily by hepatocytes, and works to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells?
Which cells are able to move freely, interact with and capture cellular debris, foreign particles, and invading microorganisms?
Which cells are able to move freely, interact with and capture cellular debris, foreign particles, and invading microorganisms?
Which type of cells are able to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or cell surface attachment sites?
Which type of cells are able to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or cell surface attachment sites?
Which cells are responsible for establishing a physical barrier against the spread of infection and promoting healing of damaged tissue following pathogen clearance?
Which cells are responsible for establishing a physical barrier against the spread of infection and promoting healing of damaged tissue following pathogen clearance?
Which cells are responsible for releasing inflammatory mediators like cytokines and chemokines, which sensitize pain receptors, cause local vasodilation, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils?
Which cells are responsible for releasing inflammatory mediators like cytokines and chemokines, which sensitize pain receptors, cause local vasodilation, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils?
Which system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells?
Which system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells?
Which system starts when antibody binds to bacteria and is part of the complement cascade?
Which system starts when antibody binds to bacteria and is part of the complement cascade?
Which system starts 'spontaneously' and is part of the complement cascade?
Which system starts 'spontaneously' and is part of the complement cascade?
Which system starts when lectins bind to mannose on bacteria and is part of the complement cascade?
Which system starts when lectins bind to mannose on bacteria and is part of the complement cascade?
Which cells are intimately associated with defense against pathogens, wound healing, and allergy, and are responsible for releasing characteristic granules rich in histamine and heparin when activated?
Which cells are intimately associated with defense against pathogens, wound healing, and allergy, and are responsible for releasing characteristic granules rich in histamine and heparin when activated?
Which type of cell is responsible for releasing various mediators like histamine and heparin when activated, contributing to inflammation and immune response?
Which type of cell is responsible for releasing various mediators like histamine and heparin when activated, contributing to inflammation and immune response?
What is the main function of the complement system?
What is the main function of the complement system?
What is the role of mast cells in the immune system?
What is the role of mast cells in the immune system?
Which pathway of the complement system is initiated by different triggers and is present in non-mammalian species?
Which pathway of the complement system is initiated by different triggers and is present in non-mammalian species?
Which immune cells play a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens that may cause infection?
Which immune cells play a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens that may cause infection?
What is the main function of epithelial surfaces in the immune system?
What is the main function of epithelial surfaces in the immune system?
What is the primary role of inflammation in the immune response?
What is the primary role of inflammation in the immune response?
Which cells are mobile innate immune cells derived from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow?
Which cells are mobile innate immune cells derived from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow?
What is the main function of chemical factors produced during inflammation?
What is the main function of chemical factors produced during inflammation?
Which immune response involves the release of various mediators like histamine and heparin when activated?
Which immune response involves the release of various mediators like histamine and heparin when activated?
What is the name of the cascade of plasma proteins that aids in pathogen clearance and neutralizing antigen-antibody complexes?
What is the name of the cascade of plasma proteins that aids in pathogen clearance and neutralizing antigen-antibody complexes?
What is the main role of inflammatory cell death pathways in the immune system?
What is the main role of inflammatory cell death pathways in the immune system?
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Study Notes
Immune System Defense Mechanisms
- Epithelial surfaces act as a physical barrier against infectious agents and facilitate the removal of pathogens through desquamation and lack of blood vessels.
- Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract movements, mucus, and gut flora prevent pathogenic bacteria colonization by various mechanisms.
- Inflammation is a crucial immune response to infection or irritation, involving resident cells, pattern recognition receptors, and inflammatory mediators.
- Inflammatory cell death pathways, such as pyroptosis and necroptosis, aid in clearing infected or aberrant cells.
- Chemical factors produced during inflammation sensitize pain receptors, cause local vasodilation, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils.
- The complement system is a cascade of plasma proteins that aids in pathogen clearance, neutralizing antigen-antibody complexes, and forming membrane attack complexes.
- The complement system consists of three pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin, each initiated by different triggers.
- Elements of the complement cascade are present in non-mammalian species, indicating its wide evolutionary distribution.
- White blood cells, or leukocytes, are mobile innate immune cells derived from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.
- Innate leukocytes, including mast cells, play a crucial role in identifying and eliminating pathogens that may cause infection.
- Mast cells, found in connective tissue and mucous membranes, release various mediators like histamine and heparin when activated, contributing to inflammation and immune response.
- Mast cells are associated with wound healing, defense against pathogens, and allergic reactions, releasing granules and chemokines when activated.
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