Immune System Chapter 18
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Immune System Chapter 18

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Questions and Answers

Match the following immune cells with their primary function:

B cells = Produce antibodies & memory T cells = Coordinate/unique memory Natural Killer cells = Cytoxic action- rupture membranes Monocytes = 2nd line of defense

Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:

Humoral = Generate antibodies to disable pathogens Cell-Mediated = Activate B cells to remember next time Innate = Not mentioned in the passage Adaptive = Not mentioned in the passage

Match the following white blood cell types with their corresponding effects on infection:

Increased Lymphocytes = Viral or chronic bacterial infection Increased Neutrophils = Bacterial infection Decreased Neutrophils = Inability to fight off infection Increased Monocytes = Not mentioned in the passage

Match the following types of T cells with their primary functions:

<p>Helper T cells = Work with B cells (CD4) Killer T cells = Destroy antigen Memory T cells = Can be CD4 or CD8 Suppressor T cells = Turn off immune system to prevent autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following white blood cell counts with their corresponding implications:

<p>High WBC = Typically means infection Low WBC/Neutropenia = Inability to fight off infection Normal WBC = 5,000-10,000/mm3 ANC &lt; 500 = Requires reverse isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune responses with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Alarm system = Activate B cells to remember next time Cytotoxic action = Rupture membranes Immune system = Prevents autoimmune response Cytoxic action = Attack and kill infiltrated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune cell types with their corresponding production sites:

<p>B cells = Bone marrow T cells = Bone marrow and thymus Natural Killer cells = Not mentioned in the passage Monocytes = Not mentioned in the passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system disorders with their corresponding implications:

<p>Leukocytosis = Could be leukemia Neutropenia = Inability to fight off infection Autoimmune response = Not mentioned in the passage Immunodeficiency = Not mentioned in the passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system responses with their functions:

<p>Antibody production = Neutralize virus and prevent infection Complement = Lyses cells and brings to cell death Interferon release = Protects surrounding cells from viral infection Allergic responses = Responds to foreign but harmless antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system cells with their roles:

<p>B-lymphocytes = Identify microbe and produce antibodies T-lymphocytes (Helper) = Help B-lymphocytes to make antibodies T-lymphocytes (Killer) = Attack infection T-lymphocytes (Suppressor) = Help to call a halt to the immune system response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system mechanisms with their outcomes:

<p>Antibody-antigen complex = Activates complement to lyse cells First exposure to antigen = Stimulates small amount of antibody production Second exposure to antigen = Stimulates rapid production of large amounts of antibody Interferon release = Protects surrounding cells from viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system responses with their effects:

<p>Anaphylactic Shock = Sudden drop in intravascular blood volume and blood pressure Allergic responses = Inflammation Complement activation = Lyses cells and brings to cell death Antibody production = Neutralize virus and prevent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system cells with their functions:

<p>WBC’s = Move in and start eating bacteria Neutrophils = Form pus B-lymphocytes = Identify microbe and produce antibodies Mast cells = Release histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system responses with their triggers:

<p>Antibody production = Exposure to foreign antigen Allergic responses = Exposure to foreign but harmless antigens Interferon release = Viral infection of cells Complement activation = Antigen-antibody complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system responses with their effects on microbe:

<p>Antibody production = Neutralize virus Complement activation = Lyse cells T-lymphocytes (Killer) = Attack infection WBC’s = Eat bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system responses with their treatments:

<p>Anaphylactic Shock = Epinephrine IV or Epi-pen (SQ) Allergic responses = Anti-histamine Viral infection = Antiviral medication Bacterial infection = Antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the immune system with their functions:

<p>Lymphoid organs = Produces white blood cells and lymphocytes Lymphocytes = Helps return tissue fluid into circulation Lymphatic vessels = Masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels Lymph nodes = Produces interferon to fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of antigens with their characteristics:

<p>Exogenous antigens = Generated within the cell Endogenous antigens = Enter from outside the body Autoantigens = On the surface of tumor cells Tumor antigens = Recognized by the immune system in autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functions in the immune system:

<p>Antigens = Helps to destroy pathogens Antibodies = Identifies type of cell and helps immune system determine if it is foreign or not White Blood Cells = Produces interferon to fight infection HLA = Surrounds and devours bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their associations:

<p>HLA-DR1 = Rheumatoid Arthritis HLA-DR2 = Multiple Sclerosis HLA-DR3 = Celiac Disease HLA-DR4 = Grave's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following white blood cells with their characteristics:

<p>Neutrophils = Engulf and destroy foreign bodies Basophils = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs Eosinophils = Mature form of granulocytes Monocytes = Takes a stand during infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functions in the immune system:

<p>Lymphocytes = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs Granulocytes = Helps to destroy pathogens Natural killer cells = Engulf and destroy foreign bodies Monocytes = Takes a stand during infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functions in the immune system:

<p>T cells = Produces interferon to fight infection B cells = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs Natural killer cells = Engulf and destroy foreign bodies Lymph nodes = Masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functions in the immune system:

<p>Spleen = Helps return tissue fluid into circulation Lymph nodes = Phagocytizes pathogens and produces WBC Lymphatic vessels = Masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels Thymus = Produces interferon to fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their associations:

<p>Leukocytosis = Decrease in WBC count Granulocytes = Agranulocytes Lymphocytes = Takes a stand during infection Infection = Increase in WBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their functions in the immune system:

<p>Antibodies = Surrounds and devours bacteria White Blood Cells = Helps to destroy pathogens Lymphocytes = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs HLA = Identifies type of cell and helps immune system determine if it is foreign or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vaccinations with their recommended frequency or age:

<p>Dpt = q 10 years Pneumovax = If high pulmonary history sometimes q 5 yrs Influenza/H1N1 = Yearly Herpes zoster = Once after age 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following therapeutic measures with their corresponding effects:

<p>Epinephrine = Treats anaphylactic reactions Corticosteroids = Reduces inflammation Antihistamines = Treats allergic reactions Decongestants = Relieves nasal congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system assessments with their corresponding methods:

<p>Titers = Blood tests Physical assessment = Objective data Skin tests = Diagnostic tests Gene testing = Diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medical management with their corresponding purposes:

<p>Medic alert identification = Assesses allergies Anaphylaxis kit = Treats anaphylactic reactions Epi-Pen = Administers epinephrine Immunotherapy = Desensitizes patient with anaphylactic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system disorders with their corresponding characteristics:

<p>Aging = Decreased antibody response Autoimmune disorders = More prone to immune disorders Allergies = Exaggerated immune response Immunosuppression = Weakened immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune system components with their corresponding functions:

<p>Thymus gland = Produces immature T cells Memory cells = Recovers from infections Hepatitis B vaccine = Prevents Hepatitis B infection Chickenpox vaccine = Prevents Chickenpox infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications with their corresponding effects:

<p>Antivirals = Treats viral infections Antibiotics = Treats bacterial infections Histamine H2 blockers = Treats allergic reactions Mast-cell stabilizing drugs = Stabilizes mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following surgical management with their corresponding indications:

<p>Splenectomy = Removes spleen Immunosuppressants = Suppresses immune response Interferon = Treats viral infections Hormone therapy = Regulates hormonal balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune mediators with their corresponding functions:

<p>Prostaglandins = Stimulates release of other mediators Interleukins = Labels foreign antigens for phagocytosis Interferon = Causes lysis of cells Complement = Stimulates production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their corresponding effects on immunity:

<p>Autoimmune Diseases = Decreased Immunity Burns/Trauma = Increased WBC production Bone Marrow Suppression = Increased Immunity Chemotherapy = Decreased WBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:

<p>Passive Immunity = Temporary, obtained from another source Active Immunity = Permanent, produces own antibodies Naturally Acquired Immunity = Obtained through infection or vaccination Artificially Acquired Immunity = Obtained through breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their corresponding modes of transmission:

<p>Placental Transmission = From mother to fetus Breast Milk = From mother to infant Injection = Artificially acquired immunity Recovery from Disease = Naturally acquired immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune mediators with their corresponding effects:

<p>Complement = Causes lysis of cells Prostaglandins = Stimulates release of other mediators Interferon = Stimulates production of antibodies Interleukins = Labels foreign antigens for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immunity with their corresponding durations:

<p>Passive Immunity = Temporary Active Immunity = Permanent Naturally Acquired Immunity = Long-term Artificially Acquired Immunity = Short-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their corresponding sources of immunity:

<p>Tetanus = Artificially acquired immunity Recovery from Disease = Naturally acquired immunity Breast Milk = Passive immunity Vaccine = Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune responses with their corresponding characteristics:

<p>Passive Immunity = Obtained from another source Active Immunity = Produces own antibodies Naturally Acquired Immunity = Obtained through infection Artificially Acquired Immunity = Obtained through vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Memory B cells?

<p>Remembering specific intruders to activate faster the next time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cells is responsible for turning off the immune system to prevent autoimmune responses?

<p>Suppressor T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in Lymphocytes in the WBC differential typically indicate?

<p>Viral or chronic bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of WBC count?

<p>5,000-10,000/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a very high, persistent level of WBC count?

<p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)?

<p>WBC x % of Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

<p>To wall off infection and destroy the invader</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of infection if the ANC is less than 500?

<p>Requires reverse isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

<p>To stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

<p>To limit the immune response and prevent autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Natural Killer cells?

<p>Rupturing membranes through cytotoxic action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity?

<p>Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells, while humoral immunity involves B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the immune system?

<p>To destroy pathogens or other foreign material</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigen is generated within a cell?

<p>Endogenous antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of natural killer cells?

<p>To directly attack and destroy infected cells and tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgA antibodies?

<p>To provide immunity in secretions such as tears and saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of HLA's in the immune system?

<p>To differentiate between self and non-self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

<p>To directly attack and destroy infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in white blood cells released from the bone marrow to fight infection?

<p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgE antibodies?

<p>To release histamine and cause an allergic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of white blood cell engulfs and destroys foreign substances?

<p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the highway-like system that helps return tissue fluid into circulation?

<p>Lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B cells in humoral immunity?

<p>To produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgM antibodies?

<p>To produce the first response against an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spleen in the immune system?

<p>To phagocytize pathogens and produce white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is specific to a particular pathogen?

<p>Specific immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the chemical markers that identify cells and help the immune system determine if they are foreign or not?

<p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the mass of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels?

<p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T cells in the immune system?

<p>To stimulate B cells to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the first exposure to a foreign antigen?

<p>Slow production of small amounts of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

<p>To protect surrounding cells from viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an allergic response?

<p>Release of histamine leading to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B-lymphocytes in the immune response?

<p>To identify and respond to microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of anaphylactic shock?

<p>Loss of plasma from capillaries, leading to a sudden drop in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response?

<p>To 'eat' bacteria and form pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helper T cells in the immune response?

<p>To help B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Complement system?

<p>To label foreign antigens for phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a decreased immune response?

<p>An increased risk of autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between passive and active immunity?

<p>Passive immunity is produced on its own, while active immunity is obtained from another source</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prostaglandins in the immune response?

<p>To release mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bone marrow suppression on the immune response?

<p>A decrease in the production of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity?

<p>Naturally acquired immunity is acquired through recovery from disease, while artificially acquired immunity is acquired through vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of septic shock?

<p>Cell lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

<p>To produce a non-specific response to viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Function

  • The immune system has the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material
  • It has a memory component that prevents further cases of certain infectious diseases
  • It has a fighter component that responds to microorganisms/foreign bodies and destroys them
  • The immune system can also mistakenly react to self, leading to autoimmune diseases

Immune System Components

  • Lymphoid organs: bone marrow, thymus
  • Lymphocytes and white blood cells
  • Chemicals: interferon
  • Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen

Lymphatic System

  • Lymphatic vessels: help return tissue fluid into circulation
  • Lymph nodes: masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels
  • Spleen: phagocytizes pathogens and produces WBC

Antigens

  • Chemical markers that identify type of cell and help the immune system determine if it's foreign or not
  • Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them
  • Can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi
  • Can also be an allergen that brings on an allergic reaction

Types of Antigens

  • Exogenous: enter from outside
  • Endogenous: generated within a cell
  • Autoantigens: normal protein complex recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from autoimmune disease
  • Tumor antigens: on the surface of tumor cells

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

  • All human cells have self-antigens except RBC
  • HLA's are genetically determined
  • Important for tissue compatibility
  • Immune system uses HLA's to differentiate between self and non-self
  • Blood test can identify HLA's

HLA Blood Test

  • DR1: associated with Multiple Sclerosis
  • DR2: associated with Grave's Disease, Celiac Disease
  • DR3: associated with Juvenile DM
  • DR4: associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile DM
  • DR5: associated with Kaposi Sarcoma
  • DR6: unknown
  • DR7: associated with Celiac Disease

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Main component of non-specific and specific immune responses
  • Begin in stem cells from bone marrow
  • Circulate in blood throughout the body and detect and destroy foreign bodies
  • Infection occurs: increase WBC's release from bone marrow to fight infection (Leukocytosis)

Types of White Blood Cells

  • Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
  • Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Natural Killer cells

T Cells

  • Destroy invaders that intelligence systems have identified
  • Helper T cells: work with B cells (CD4)
  • Killer T cells: destroy antigen
  • Memory T cells (can be CD4 or CD8)
  • Suppressor T cells: turn off immune system to prevent autoimmune response (CD8)

Immune System Response

  • Humoral response: B cells and some T cells generate antibodies
  • Cell-mediated response: T cells coordinate unique memory and activate B cells to remember next time
  • Cytotoxic cells: attack and kill infected cells

WBC Differential

  • Decrease in one type of WBC usually means an increase in another
  • Neutrophils and Lymphocytes are the most abundant
  • Increased Lymphocytes: viral or chronic bacterial infection
  • Increased Neutrophils: bacterial infection
  • Look at trends, not just numbers
  • Shift to the left: increase in immature neutrophils (bands), means infection in progress

High WBC and Low WBC

  • High WBC: typically means infection, very high and persistent levels (Leukocytosis) could be leukemia
  • Normal WBC: 5,000-10,000/mm3
  • Low WBC/Neutropenia: inability to fight off infection, requires reverse isolation, ANC < 500, ANC < 100 severe risk for infection

Antibody Responses

  • First exposure to foreign antigen: stimulates antibody production in small amounts, which may happen too late, leading to infection
  • Second exposure to the antigen: memory cells initiate rapid production of large amounts of antibody, preventing infection
  • Antibodies may also neutralize virus, not letting it into the cell
  • Interferon release: chemical produced by cells infected by a virus that protects surrounding cells not infected
  • Allergic responses: antibodies respond to foreign but harmless antigens, IgE binds to mast cells and releases histamine, causing inflammation

Immune System and Aging

  • Thymus gland size decreases
  • Increased production of immature T cells
  • Decreased antibody response
  • More prone to autoimmune disorders
  • Need for vaccinations

Immune System Assessment and Therapeutic Measures

  • Subjective data: demographic data, history, current problem
  • Objective data: physical assessment, immunizations
  • Diagnostic tests: blood tests, radiographic tests, biopsies, skin tests, gene testing
  • Therapeutic measures: medications, immunotherapy, surgical management

Immune System Function

  • The immune system has the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material
  • It has a memory component that prevents further cases of certain infectious diseases
  • The fighter component responds to microorganisms and foreign bodies and destroys them
  • The autoimmune component mistakenly reacts to the body's own cells

Components of the Immune System

  • Lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus)
  • Lymphocytes (white blood cells)
  • Chemicals (Interferon)
  • Lymphatic system
    • Lymphatic vessels help return tissue fluid into circulation
    • Lymph nodes are masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels
    • Spleen phagocytizes pathogens and produces white blood cells

Antigens and Immune Response

  • Antigens: chemical markers that identify cells and help the immune system determine whether they are foreign or not
  • Types of antigens:
    • Exogenous (enter from outside)
    • Endogenous (generated within a cell)
    • Autoantigens (normal protein complexes recognized by the immune system in autoimmune diseases)
    • Tumor antigens (on the surface of tumor cells)
  • Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
    • Genetically determined
    • Important for tissue compatibility
    • Used by the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes

  • Main component of non-specific and specific immune responses
  • Produced in bone marrow and circulate in blood throughout the body
  • Detect and destroy foreign bodies
  • Increased in response to infection (leukocytosis)

Types of White Blood Cells

  • Granulocytes:
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
  • Agranulocytes:
    • Lymphocytes
    • Monocytes
    • Natural killer cells

WBC Differential

  • Neutrophils and Lymphocytes are the most abundant WBCs
  • Increased Lymphocytes = Viral or chronic bacterial infection
  • Increased Neutrophils = Bacterial infection

Immune Response

  • Humoral immunity: involves production of antibodies
  • Cell-mediated immunity: involves activation of macrophages and natural killer cells
  • Involves recognition of foreign antigen by helper T cells (CD4) and activation of killer T cells

Antibodies

  • Produced in response to foreign antigens
  • Specific for one antigen
  • Label antigens for destruction
  • Five classes of human antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

Mechanisms of Immunity

  • Cell-mediated immunity: involves activation of macrophages and natural killer cells
  • Humoral immunity: involves production of antibodies

Types of Immunity

  • Passive immunity: obtained from another source, temporary
  • Active immunity: produces own antibodies, naturally or artificially acquired

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Description

Assessment of the immune system's function, including its ability to destroy pathogens, memory component, and therapeutic measures. Also covers the components of the immune system and autoimmune responses.

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