Immune System Chapter 18

B cells = Produce antibodies & memory T cells = Coordinate/unique memory Natural Killer cells = Cytoxic action- rupture membranes Monocytes = 2nd line of defense

Humoral = Generate antibodies to disable pathogens Cell-Mediated = Activate B cells to remember next time Innate = Not mentioned in the passage Adaptive = Not mentioned in the passage

Increased Lymphocytes = Viral or chronic bacterial infection Increased Neutrophils = Bacterial infection Decreased Neutrophils = Inability to fight off infection Increased Monocytes = Not mentioned in the passage

Helper T cells = Work with B cells (CD4) Killer T cells = Destroy antigen Memory T cells = Can be CD4 or CD8 Suppressor T cells = Turn off immune system to prevent autoimmune response

High WBC = Typically means infection Low WBC/Neutropenia = Inability to fight off infection Normal WBC = 5,000-10,000/mm3 ANC < 500 = Requires reverse isolation

Alarm system = Activate B cells to remember next time Cytotoxic action = Rupture membranes Immune system = Prevents autoimmune response Cytoxic action = Attack and kill infiltrated cells

B cells = Bone marrow T cells = Bone marrow and thymus Natural Killer cells = Not mentioned in the passage Monocytes = Not mentioned in the passage

Leukocytosis = Could be leukemia Neutropenia = Inability to fight off infection Autoimmune response = Not mentioned in the passage Immunodeficiency = Not mentioned in the passage

Antibody production = Neutralize virus and prevent infection Complement = Lyses cells and brings to cell death Interferon release = Protects surrounding cells from viral infection Allergic responses = Responds to foreign but harmless antigens

B-lymphocytes = Identify microbe and produce antibodies T-lymphocytes (Helper) = Help B-lymphocytes to make antibodies T-lymphocytes (Killer) = Attack infection T-lymphocytes (Suppressor) = Help to call a halt to the immune system response

Antibody-antigen complex = Activates complement to lyse cells First exposure to antigen = Stimulates small amount of antibody production Second exposure to antigen = Stimulates rapid production of large amounts of antibody Interferon release = Protects surrounding cells from viral infection

Anaphylactic Shock = Sudden drop in intravascular blood volume and blood pressure Allergic responses = Inflammation Complement activation = Lyses cells and brings to cell death Antibody production = Neutralize virus and prevent infection

WBC’s = Move in and start eating bacteria Neutrophils = Form pus B-lymphocytes = Identify microbe and produce antibodies Mast cells = Release histamine

Antibody production = Exposure to foreign antigen Allergic responses = Exposure to foreign but harmless antigens Interferon release = Viral infection of cells Complement activation = Antigen-antibody complex

Antibody production = Neutralize virus Complement activation = Lyse cells T-lymphocytes (Killer) = Attack infection WBC’s = Eat bacteria

Anaphylactic Shock = Epinephrine IV or Epi-pen (SQ) Allergic responses = Anti-histamine Viral infection = Antiviral medication Bacterial infection = Antibiotic

Lymphoid organs = Produces white blood cells and lymphocytes Lymphocytes = Helps return tissue fluid into circulation Lymphatic vessels = Masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels Lymph nodes = Produces interferon to fight infection

Exogenous antigens = Generated within the cell Endogenous antigens = Enter from outside the body Autoantigens = On the surface of tumor cells Tumor antigens = Recognized by the immune system in autoimmune disease

Antigens = Helps to destroy pathogens Antibodies = Identifies type of cell and helps immune system determine if it is foreign or not White Blood Cells = Produces interferon to fight infection HLA = Surrounds and devours bacteria

HLA-DR1 = Rheumatoid Arthritis HLA-DR2 = Multiple Sclerosis HLA-DR3 = Celiac Disease HLA-DR4 = Grave's Disease

Neutrophils = Engulf and destroy foreign bodies Basophils = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs Eosinophils = Mature form of granulocytes Monocytes = Takes a stand during infection

Lymphocytes = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs Granulocytes = Helps to destroy pathogens Natural killer cells = Engulf and destroy foreign bodies Monocytes = Takes a stand during infection

T cells = Produces interferon to fight infection B cells = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs Natural killer cells = Engulf and destroy foreign bodies Lymph nodes = Masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels

Spleen = Helps return tissue fluid into circulation Lymph nodes = Phagocytizes pathogens and produces WBC Lymphatic vessels = Masses of lymphatic tissue grouped along lymph vessels Thymus = Produces interferon to fight infection

Leukocytosis = Decrease in WBC count Granulocytes = Agranulocytes Lymphocytes = Takes a stand during infection Infection = Increase in WBC count

Antibodies = Surrounds and devours bacteria White Blood Cells = Helps to destroy pathogens Lymphocytes = Produce protective antibodies to overpower germs HLA = Identifies type of cell and helps immune system determine if it is foreign or not

Dpt = q 10 years Pneumovax = If high pulmonary history sometimes q 5 yrs Influenza/H1N1 = Yearly Herpes zoster = Once after age 60

Epinephrine = Treats anaphylactic reactions Corticosteroids = Reduces inflammation Antihistamines = Treats allergic reactions Decongestants = Relieves nasal congestion

Titers = Blood tests Physical assessment = Objective data Skin tests = Diagnostic tests Gene testing = Diagnostic tests

Medic alert identification = Assesses allergies Anaphylaxis kit = Treats anaphylactic reactions Epi-Pen = Administers epinephrine Immunotherapy = Desensitizes patient with anaphylactic reactions

Aging = Decreased antibody response Autoimmune disorders = More prone to immune disorders Allergies = Exaggerated immune response Immunosuppression = Weakened immune system

Thymus gland = Produces immature T cells Memory cells = Recovers from infections Hepatitis B vaccine = Prevents Hepatitis B infection Chickenpox vaccine = Prevents Chickenpox infection

Antivirals = Treats viral infections Antibiotics = Treats bacterial infections Histamine H2 blockers = Treats allergic reactions Mast-cell stabilizing drugs = Stabilizes mast cells

Splenectomy = Removes spleen Immunosuppressants = Suppresses immune response Interferon = Treats viral infections Hormone therapy = Regulates hormonal balance

Prostaglandins = Stimulates release of other mediators Interleukins = Labels foreign antigens for phagocytosis Interferon = Causes lysis of cells Complement = Stimulates production of antibodies

Autoimmune Diseases = Decreased Immunity Burns/Trauma = Increased WBC production Bone Marrow Suppression = Increased Immunity Chemotherapy = Decreased WBC production

Passive Immunity = Temporary, obtained from another source Active Immunity = Permanent, produces own antibodies Naturally Acquired Immunity = Obtained through infection or vaccination Artificially Acquired Immunity = Obtained through breast milk

Placental Transmission = From mother to fetus Breast Milk = From mother to infant Injection = Artificially acquired immunity Recovery from Disease = Naturally acquired immunity

Complement = Causes lysis of cells Prostaglandins = Stimulates release of other mediators Interferon = Stimulates production of antibodies Interleukins = Labels foreign antigens for phagocytosis

Passive Immunity = Temporary Active Immunity = Permanent Naturally Acquired Immunity = Long-term Artificially Acquired Immunity = Short-term

Tetanus = Artificially acquired immunity Recovery from Disease = Naturally acquired immunity Breast Milk = Passive immunity Vaccine = Active immunity

Passive Immunity = Obtained from another source Active Immunity = Produces own antibodies Naturally Acquired Immunity = Obtained through infection Artificially Acquired Immunity = Obtained through vaccination

Remembering specific intruders to activate faster the next time

Suppressor T cells

Viral or chronic bacterial infection

5,000-10,000/mm3

Leukocytosis

WBC x % of Neutrophils

To wall off infection and destroy the invader

Requires reverse isolation

To stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells

To limit the immune response and prevent autoimmune disease

Rupturing membranes through cytotoxic action

Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells, while humoral immunity involves B cells

To destroy pathogens or other foreign material

Endogenous antigen

To directly attack and destroy infected cells and tumor cells

To provide immunity in secretions such as tears and saliva

To differentiate between self and non-self

To directly attack and destroy infected cells

Leukocytosis

To release histamine and cause an allergic response

Monocyte

Lymphatic vessels

To produce antibodies and provide humoral immunity

To produce the first response against an infection

To phagocytize pathogens and produce white blood cells

Specific immune response

Antigens

Lymph nodes

To stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Slow production of small amounts of antibodies

To protect surrounding cells from viral infection

Release of histamine leading to inflammation

To identify and respond to microbes

Loss of plasma from capillaries, leading to a sudden drop in blood pressure

To 'eat' bacteria and form pus

To help B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies

To label foreign antigens for phagocytosis

An increased risk of autoimmune diseases

Passive immunity is produced on its own, while active immunity is obtained from another source

To release mediators

A decrease in the production of white blood cells

Naturally acquired immunity is acquired through recovery from disease, while artificially acquired immunity is acquired through vaccination

Cell lysis

To produce a non-specific response to viral infections