73 Questions
Which of the following statements about B cells is correct?
B cells differentiate into plasma cells after attaching to an antigen
What is the primary function of T cells?
To secrete chemokines to bring other immune cells to the area or destroy infected cells
Which of the following is a function of plasma cells?
To secrete the soluble antibodies
What is the primary function of Natural Killer cells?
To provide the innate immune response and act as the first line of defense against viruses and some cancers
Which of the following statements about lymphoid organs is correct?
Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid nodules
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
To filter pathogens from the blood and return excess fluid to the bloodstream
How does lymph move through the lymphatic system?
It moves by breathing, muscle contraction, and body movements
Which of the following is NOT a function of lymphocytes?
Ingesting pathogens through phagocytosis
Which of the following areas of the body does NOT have lymph vessels?
Cornea of the eye
What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?
To produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Which of the following statements about the structure of lymphatic vessels is correct?
They have a structure similar to veins, with three tunics and valves
Which of the following is NOT a function of lymph nodes?
Allowing blood cells to directly enter tissues
What is the primary function of the spleen?
Acting as a filter for the blood, removing pathogens and old red blood cells
Which of the following statements about tonsils is correct?
Tonsils may be removed if they interfere with breathing or swallowing
What is the primary function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
Providing immune protection in mucosal surfaces like the GI tract, lungs, and eyes
Which of the following best describes germinal centers?
Sites within lymph nodes and nodules where B cells and plasma cells rapidly divide
What is the primary difference between lymphoid nodules and lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes have a fibrous capsule, while lymphoid nodules do not
Why is antibody ineffective against some pathogens?
Antibody cannot get inside the cell to reach the virus
What is the primary reason pathogens can evade the immune response?
All of the above
What is the most serious inherited type of immunodeficiency disease?
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
Which of the following is a consequence of an overactive immune response?
Autoimmune disease
What is the upcoming treatment for severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)?
Gene therapy
What is the function of dendrites in the immune system?
Bring antigen to regional lymph nodes
Which cell type is responsible for suppressing other T cell immune responses?
Regulatory T cells
What is the function of plasma cells in the immune system?
Secrete antibody until they die
Which antibody class is associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?
IgE
What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune system?
Kill target cells by inducing apoptosis
What happens during positive selection of thymocytes?
Thymocytes bind to class I antigen expression
Which antibody class is able to cross the placenta to the fetus?
IgG
How do B cells recognize antigens?
By not needing MHC and antigen presenting cells
What happens during clonal expansion of T cells in the immune response?
T cell divides rapidly by mitosis
Which immune response has no delay and is much stronger upon secondary exposure to a pathogen?
Secondary exposure response
What causes lymph fluid to move through the lymphatic vessels?
Contractions of skeletal muscles and breathing motions
What is the primary function of the lacteals in the intestines?
To carry dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins to the liver and bloodstream
What is the primary role of lymph nodes in the immune system?
To act as a staging area for an immune response
What is the term used to describe the fluid carried by the lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
Which of the following is NOT a component of the immune system's three phases?
Humoral response
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system?
To return excess fluid from the interstitial space to the bloodstream
What is the primary mechanism by which HIV weakens the immune system?
It destroys helper T cells by binding to their CD4 receptors
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with immediate allergic responses?
Type 1
What is the primary mechanism behind erythroblastosis fetalis?
Maternal antibodies attacking the fetus due to a positive Rh factor
What is the primary challenge in tissue and organ transplantation?
Matching the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
What is the primary mechanism by which the immune system can control cancer?
Recognizing and eliminating mutated cells through cytotoxic T cells
What is the primary reason why some pathogens can evade the immune response?
All of the above
Where do B cells differentiate into plasma cells?
Bone marrow
Which immune cells travel the bloodstream seeking to destroy infected cells?
NK cells
What is the primary way pathogens enter a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessel
What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Communicate with other immune cells
Which type of cell defends against parasites and viruses by phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
Where do T cells primarily undergo maturation?
Thymus gland
Which protein opens a pathway into infected cells for cell death induction by NK cells?
$\delta$-perforin
What characteristic differentiates yellow bone marrow from red bone marrow?
Energy storage as fat
Which immune cells are involved in chemotaxis and wait for chemical signals to initiate their actions?
Neutrophils
What is the primary function of IgM antibodies?
To act as the first line of defense by binding antigens and activating the complement system
Which process ensures that self-reactive B cells are eliminated during their development?
Central tolerance
What is the primary mechanism by which antibodies neutralize viruses?
Coating the virus, preventing it from binding to host cell receptors
Which type of immunity involves the transfer of preformed antibodies to an individual?
Passive immunity
What is the primary mechanism by which pathogens evade the immune system?
All of the above
Which of the following is the most severe inherited immunodeficiency disease?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?
To suppress other T cells and regulate the immune response
Which antibody class is present in breast milk and provides protection to infants?
IgA
What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?
To directly kill infected or cancerous cells
What is the process called when antibody levels in the blood are inversely related to viral levels?
Seroconversion
What is the purpose of opsonization?
To form pores in the pathogen membrane
Which cells release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins during the inflammatory response?
Mast cells
What is the role of cytokines released by Th1 cells?
To draw macrophages to the antigen
Which type of T cells bind to class 2 MHC molecules?
Helper T cells
What happens during clonal expansion of T cells in the immune response?
Rapid mitosis of T cells
Which cells leave the thymus as either helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells?
Thymocytes
What is the function of class 1 MHC molecules in the body?
Found in many different cells to present antigens
What is the fate of thymocytes that bind strongly with 'self' antigens during negative selection?
'Self' antigen recognition leads to apoptosis
How do Th2 cells contribute to the immune response?
-Release cytokines to draw B cells to the antigen
What significantly decreases during clonal selection of T cells in the thymus?
Apoptosis of T cell clones
Test your knowledge on the functions of various immune system cells such as B cells, T cells, plasma cells, and Natural Killer cells. Learn about how these cells differentiate and their roles in the immune response.
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