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Questions and Answers
Which blood cell type is directly derived from the myeloblast during hematopoiesis?
Which cytokine is responsible for initiating the formation of erythrocytes from proerythroblasts?
The process that gives rise to immune cells is known as what?
Which type of immune cell is NOT considered a granulocyte?
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What is the end product of the common myeloid progenitor's differentiation via GM-CSF?
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What function do monocytes serve once they migrate into tissues?
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Which of the following roles is primarily associated with T cells within the immune system?
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Which cytokine acts in the development of B cells leading to the formation of plasma cells?
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Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for responding first to infections and performing phagocytosis?
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Which type of T cell plays a crucial role in activating macrophages and directing the immune response?
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Which term is used to describe a low total white blood cell count?
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What is the main function of plasma cells in the immune response?
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Which white blood cell type is involved in allergic reactions and has the least abundance in blood?
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Which immune cell type is specifically mentioned as responsible for mounting an immune response against extracellular bacteria and fungi?
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What does the suffix ‘-philia’ indicate when describing a blood condition?
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Which term describes a condition characterized by high numbers of lymphocytes?
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Which of the following cells primarily release histamine during allergic reactions?
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What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune system?
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Which type of cell is directly involved in activating T cells?
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Which statement correctly describes the identification marker of eosinophils?
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What distinguishes T cells from B cells in terms of their development?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of mast cells?
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Which characteristic is unique to lymphocytes compared to other immune cells?
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What is a primary distinguishing feature of monocytes?
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Study Notes
Blood Cells in the Immune System
- Immune system comprises various blood cells:
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils (with granules).
- Agranulocytes: Monocytes and Lymphocytes (without granules).
- Mast Cells play a role in allergic responses and defense against parasites.
- Platelets (Thrombocytes) are crucial for blood clotting (hemostasis).
- Dendritic Cells serve as antigen-presenting cells, activating T cells.
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) deliver oxygen; not involved in the immune response.
Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis starts with pluripotent stem cells (HSCs), differentiating into specific lineages.
- Erythropoietin (EPO) initiates erythroid series:
- Proerythroblast becomes Erythrocyte.
- Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) leads to myeloblast formation:
- Myeloblasts differentiate into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Monoblasts become monocytes via GM-CSF and M-CSF; mature into macrophages.
- Common Lymphoid Progenitor differentiates:
- IL-7 stimulates lymphoblasts to form lymphocytes, including T cells and B cells (which can develop into plasma cells).
Immune Cell Functions and Identification
- Neutrophils: Most abundant; respond to infection via phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst. Multi-lobed nucleus with pale granules.
- Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and are involved in allergic reactions. Bi-lobed nucleus with red-orange granules.
- Basophils: Involved in allergic responses; release histamine and heparin. Bi-lobed or S-shaped nucleus obscured by dark granules.
- Mast Cells: Release histamine during allergic reactions and participate in wound healing. Large cells filled with dark granules.
- Monocytes: Precursor to macrophages; perform phagocytosis. Large, kidney-shaped nucleus with pale cytoplasm.
- Macrophages: Long-lived phagocytic cells; serve as antigen-presenting cells. Irregularly shaped nucleus, abundant cytoplasm.
- Dendritic Cells: Activate T cells by presenting antigens; capture antigens through various methods. Branched extensions are identifiable features.
- Lymphocytes: Central to adaptive immunity; includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Small cells with a large nucleus and scant cytoplasm.
T and B Cell Functions
- CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells: Kill virus-infected cells.
- CD4+ Helper T Cells: Direct immune responses and aid in macrophage activation.
- Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): Suppress immune responses to maintain self-tolerance.
- Th17 Cells: Respond to extracellular bacteria and fungi; play a role in autoimmunity.
- B Cells: Produce antibodies and can differentiate into plasma cells.
Clinical Terminology
- Leukopenia: Low white blood cell (WBC) count.
- Leukocytosis: High total WBC count.
- Leukemia: Cancer affecting blood and bone marrow.
- Lymphocytes: Subtype of leukocytes including T and B cells.
- Lymphoma: Cancer of lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes.
- Lymphocytosis: Increased lymphocyte count.
- Lymphopenia: Decreased lymphocyte count.
- Suffix “philia” indicates increased numbers, while “penia” indicates decreased numbers.
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Description
This quiz covers the various types of blood cells involved in the immune system and details the critical process of hematopoiesis that produces these immune cells from pluripotent stem cells. Examine how factors like erythropoietin and GM-CSF influence the development of erythrocytes and myeloblasts respectively.
