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Questions and Answers
Which cytokine is NOT involved in differentiation of blood cells?
Which cytokine is NOT involved in differentiation of blood cells?
Match the following cell types with their defining characteristics:
Match the following cell types with their defining characteristics:
B-1 cells = Self-renewing population, predominant in plural & peritoneal cavities B-2 cells = Arise during neonatal period, continuously replaced from bone marrow NK cells = Kill infected or abnormal cells without prior sensitization NKT cells = Respond to lipids and glycolipids presented by CD1d
Which of the following are cytokines involved in differentiation?
Which of the following are cytokines involved in differentiation?
Natural Killer (NK) cells can express antigen-specific receptors.
Natural Killer (NK) cells can express antigen-specific receptors.
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What type of stem cells give rise to all cells in blood?
What type of stem cells give rise to all cells in blood?
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B cells synthesize immunoglobulin and display it on their surfaces as their ______.
B cells synthesize immunoglobulin and display it on their surfaces as their ______.
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What percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes are NK cells?
What percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes are NK cells?
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Which cells lack CD3 and TCR?
Which cells lack CD3 and TCR?
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Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) participate in innate immunity and do not need ______ to become activated.
Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) participate in innate immunity and do not need ______ to become activated.
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What two distinct lineages do B cells arise from?
What two distinct lineages do B cells arise from?
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Match the following cells with their functions:
Match the following cells with their functions:
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How do the adaptive and innate immune systems fundamentally differ in their response to pathogens?
How do the adaptive and innate immune systems fundamentally differ in their response to pathogens?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing Th1 cell differentiation in the immune response?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing Th1 cell differentiation in the immune response?
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What is a defining characteristic of common lymphoid progenitors compared to other progenitor cells?
What is a defining characteristic of common lymphoid progenitors compared to other progenitor cells?
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Where within a T cell can receptors of the adaptive immune system typically be located?
Where within a T cell can receptors of the adaptive immune system typically be located?
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Which feature is unique to the adaptive immune system compared to the innate immune system?
Which feature is unique to the adaptive immune system compared to the innate immune system?
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What is a primary characteristic of T cells?
What is a primary characteristic of T cells?
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Which type of progenitor gives rise to natural killer cells?
Which type of progenitor gives rise to natural killer cells?
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Which cells are essential for the development of lymph nodes?
Which cells are essential for the development of lymph nodes?
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Which cytokine is specifically known for stimulating erythrocyte production?
Which cytokine is specifically known for stimulating erythrocyte production?
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What is a distinguishing feature of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
What is a distinguishing feature of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
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What role does perforin play in the function of NK cells?
What role does perforin play in the function of NK cells?
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NKT cells respond specifically to which type of molecules?
NKT cells respond specifically to which type of molecules?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for producing and secreting immunoglobulins?
Which cells are primarily responsible for producing and secreting immunoglobulins?
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What is the function of Killer Activation Receptor (KAR) in NK cells?
What is the function of Killer Activation Receptor (KAR) in NK cells?
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Which T cell subtype is specifically known for its role in mediating cellular immunity?
Which T cell subtype is specifically known for its role in mediating cellular immunity?
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What is the primary origin of all blood cells?
What is the primary origin of all blood cells?
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Which subtype of B cells develops during and after the neonatal period?
Which subtype of B cells develops during and after the neonatal period?
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What is the main type of receptor expressed by B cells?
What is the main type of receptor expressed by B cells?
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How do NK cells recognize host cells that might need to be destroyed?
How do NK cells recognize host cells that might need to be destroyed?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the major function of interleukin-5 (IL-5)?
Which of the following correctly identifies the major function of interleukin-5 (IL-5)?
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Study Notes
Hematopoiesis
- All blood cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) in the bone marrow.
- HSCs are capable of self-renewal and can differentiate into any cellular component of blood.
- The exact developmental pathways of some cell types (NK cells, dendritic cells, mast cells) are still unknown.
- Differentiation into specific cell types is influenced by the array of cytokines and growth factors present.
- There are two main progenitor cells: common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor.
Cytokines & Growth Factors Involved in Differentiation
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
- Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF)
- Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
- Interleukin-5 (IL-5)
- Interleukin-7 (IL-7)
Lymphoid Cells
- Developed in the bone marrow and travel through the lymphatic system, then further differentiate/proliferate within lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen).
Common ILC Precursor
- NK cells, ILCs, LTi cells are all derived from the common ILC precursor.
Natural Killer Cells
- Approximately 5%-10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
- Develop within the bone marrow and lack CD3 (CD3-) and TCR.
- Contain cytoplasmic granules with perforin and granzyme that can damage cell membranes.
- Do not express antigen-specific receptors and do not undergo clonal selection.
- The receptors, known as Killer Activation Receptor (KAR) and Killer Inhibition Receptor (KIR), recognize host cells that may need to be destroyed.
- Play a crucial role in the early stages of viral infection.
NK & NKT Cells
- Kill certain virally infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization.
- Play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
- Natural Killer T cells (NKT) are a unique subset of T cells that develop within the thymus and express a rearranged TCR of extremely limited repertoire.
- Unlike T cells, NKT cells respond to lipids, glycolipids, or hydrophobic peptides presented by CD1d and secrete large amounts of cytokines, especially IL-4.
Innate Lymphoid Cells
- Found in all tissues, especially mucosal surfaces, and are activated by cytokine signals.
- Participate in innate immune function and are activated early in the immune response to infection and injury.
- Assist with tissue homeostasis, tissue repair, and don't need antigen to become activated.
- Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) is a type of ILC essential for developing lymph nodes and Peyer's patches.
Lymphocytes
- Defined by where they undergo "basic training" and by the type of receptors they display on their cell surfaces: TCR (T cells and NKT cells), BCR or immunoglobulins (B cells), or neither (NK cells).
- Not all lymphocytes of bone marrow origin are destined for thymic education.
- Certain lymphoid cells remain and develop in the bone marrow and are precursors of immunoglobulin-producing lymphocytes.
- B cells: synthesize immunoglobulin and display it on their surfaces, functioning as their BCR.
- Plasma cells: derived from differentiated, mature B cells and both synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin.
B-Cell
- Do not migrate to the thymus, but develop within the bone marrow.
- Arise from HSCs in the bone marrow.
- Two distinct lineages: B-1 and B-2 cells.
- B-1 cells: self-renewing population that dominates the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
- B-2 cells: conventional, arise during and after the neonatal period, are continuously replaced from bone marrow, and are widely distributed throughout lymphoid organs and tissues.
- Each B cell produces immunoglobulin with only one antibody specificity that recognizes only one epitope.
- Extreme diversity among B cells generates overall diversity of the antibody response.
Plasma Cell
- Derive from terminally differentiated B cells and are immunoglobulin-producing and secreting cells.
- Larger in size and metabolic activity than B cells and are "factories" that produce large quantities of immunoglobulin during their short lifespan.
Adaptive vs. Innate Immune Systems
- Adaptive immune system is different from the innate immune system
- The adaptive immune system is unique and has unique cells
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
- All immune cells in the blood originate from pluripotent stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells -- HSCs)
- HSCs have the ability to self-renew
- HSCs can differentiate into any type of blood cell
- The differentiation into specific cell types is influenced by the presence of certain cytokines and growth factors
- The cells develop from either the common myeloid progenitor or the common lymphoid progenitor
Lymphoid Cells
- Cells in the lymphoid system travel through it and further differentiate in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen)
- Know subtypes of common T-cell precursor and common ILC precursor
Natural Killer Cells
- 5-10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes
- Develop in the bone marrow
- Do not express TCR and lack BCR
- Have cytoplasmic granules containing perforin and granzyme that damage cell membranes
- They do not express antigen-specific receptors
- They have receptors that recognize microbial molecules, antibodies, and class I MHC molecules
- Killer Activation Receptors (KARs) and Killer Inhibition Receptors (KIRs) are used to recognize host cells that need to be destroyed
- NK cells are vital for the early stages of viral infection
NK & NKT Cells
- Kill certain virally infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization
- Play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity despite being descended from CLP
- Natural Killer T cells (NKTs) are unique T cell subset that develop within the thymus
- Unlike T cells, NKTs respond to lipids, glycolipids, or hydrophobic peptides presented by CD1d
- Secrete cytokines like IL-4
Innate Lymphoid Cells
- These cells are found in all tissues
- Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) participate in innate immune function
- They are activated by cytokine signals.
- They are activated early in the immune response and produce cytokines that direct the immune response.
- They assist with tissue homeostasis and repair.
- Unlike classic lymphocytes (B and T cells), ILCs do not need antigens to become activated.
- Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) is essential for the development of lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches
Lymphocytes
- Defined by the training they undergo and by the receptors they display on their surfaces: TCR (T cells & NKT cells), BCR (B cells), or neither (NK cells)
- Not all lymphocytes of bone marrow origin are destined for thymic education
- Lymphoid cells develop in the bone marrow and are precursors of immunoglobulin-producing lymphocytes
- B cells synthesize immunoglobulin and display it on their surfaces.
- Plasma cells synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin
B Cells
- Do not migrate to the thymus
- Develop within the bone marrow
- Two lineages: B-1 & B-2 cells
- B-1 cells are the first to develop and self-renew
- B-2 cells begin to develop during the neonatal period
- Each B cell produces only one antibody specificity and can only recognize one epitope.
- Each unique B cell produces a single form of immunoglobulin, creating the diversity of the antibody response.
Plasma Cells
- Derived from terminally differentiated B cells
- They produce and secrete immunoglobulins
- They have increased size and metabolic activity compared to B cells
- They are short-lived and create large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Hematopoiesis
- All blood cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells) in bone marrow.
- HSCs can self-renew.
- Differentiation into specific cell types is influenced by the array of cytokines and growth factors present.
- Common Myeloid Progenitor and Common Lymphoid Progenitor are key developmental paths.
Cytokines and Growth factors Involved in Differentiation
- This list of cytokines and growth factors impacts the development of blood cells.
- Erythropoietin (EPO), Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) are few examples of this list.
Lymphoid Cells
- These cells are related to the lymphatic system.
- Lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and travel through the lymphatic system, further differentiating and proliferating in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen).
- Subtypes of Common T-cell precursor and Common ILC precursor are important to note.
Common ILC Precursor: NK Cells, ILCS, LTI
- This cell lineage gives rise to natural killer (NK) cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells.
Natural Killer Cells
- NK cells have neither BCR nor TCR.
- They are approximately 5-10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
- Develop within bone marrow and lack CD3 and TCR produced by rearrangement of TCR genes.
- Granules containing perforin and granzyme can damage membranes of cells they attack.
- NK cells do not express antigen-specific receptors and do not undergo clonal selection.
- Receptors recognize microbial molecules, antibody, and class I MHC molecules.
- Receptors known as Killer Activation Receptor (KAR) and Killer Inhibition Receptor (KIR) allow recognition of host cells that need to be destroyed.
NK and NKT Cells
- NK cells kill certain virally infected cells & tumor cells without prior sensitization.
- Play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity, despite being descended from CLP.
- Natural Killer T cells (NKT) are unique, developing within the thymus and express TCR of extremely limited repertoire.
- Unlike T cells, NKT responds to lipids, glycolipids, or hydrophobic peptides presented by CD1d (a nonclassical MHC class I molecule) and secrete IL-4 (a cytokine).
Innate Lymphoid Cells
- ILCs are lymphoid cells found in all tissues, especially mucosal surfaces, activated by cytokine signals.
- Participate in innate immune function.
- Activated early in the immune response, producing cytokines that direct the immune response.
- Unlike classic lymphocytes (B and T cells), ILCs do not need antigen to become activated.
- Lymphoid tissue Inducer (LTi) cells are a type of ILC essential for development of lymph node and Peyer’s patches.
Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes are defined by where they undergo "basic training" and by the type of receptors they display on their surfaces: TCR (T cells & NKT cells), BCR or immunoglobulins (B cells), or neither (NK cells).
- Bone marrow-derived cells: not all lymphocytes of bone marrow origin are destined for thymic education.
- Certain lymphoid cells remain and develop in the bone marrow, becoming precursors of immunoglobulin-producing lymphocytes.
B-Cells
- Don't migrate to the thymus; develop within bone marrow.
- Arise from HSCs in the bone marrow.
- Two lineages: B-1 & B-2 cells.
- Each B cell is specific, producing immunoglobulin of only one antibody specificity, recognizing only one epitope.
- Plasma cells- derived from differentiated, mature B cells, synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation from pluripotent stem cells. This quiz covers the roles of various cytokines and growth factors involved in differentiation, as well as the development of lymphoid cells. Dive into the intricate world of blood cell production and its regulation.
