Immune System Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are considered part of the first line of defense of the innate immune system?

  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Normal Microbiota
  • All of the Above (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the second line of defense in the innate immune system?

  • Production of antibodies (correct)
  • Complement System
  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Inflammation

The adaptive immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

False (B)

Which of the following cells are considered key players in the adaptive immune system?

<p>B lymphocytes (A), T lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two branches of the adaptive immune system?

<p>Humoral immunity and Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of MHC Class II molecules?

<p>Present antigens to T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an antigen and an epitope?

<p>An antigen is a molecule that can trigger an immune response. An epitope is a specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a plasma cell?

<p>Produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a cytotoxic T cell?

<p>Destroy virally-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body distinguish between self and non-self?

<p>The immune system recognizes specific epitopes on antigens that are foreign to the body. This recognition triggers an immune response against the non-self antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of blood test that can be used to evaluate the patient's immune system.

<p>Complete Blood Count (CBC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high neutrophil count in a blood test might indicate an ______ infection.

<p>bacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

A low red blood cell count is known as ______

<p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

A high red blood cell count is always a sign of health.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The immune system is designed to attack all foreign materials.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Antigen = A molecule that triggers an immune response Epitope = A specific site on an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor Phagocyte = A type of immune cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens MHC Class I = Expressed on all nucleated cells and presents peptides from within the cell MHC Class II = Expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and presents antigens to T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, it is nonspecific and provides a rapid response. It is always present and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen.

Adaptive Immunity

The body's adaptive immune system, it is specific to each pathogen and requires prior exposure. It is slower to respond but provides long-lasting protection.

Phagocyte

A type of immune cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens, it acts as a garbage collector for the body.

Phagocytosis

The process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Antigen

Any substance that triggers an immune response in the body. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or other molecules.

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Epitope (Antigenic Determinant)

A specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system. It is the 'lock' that the antibody key fits into.

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Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

Immune cells that engulf pathogens and present their antigens to other immune cells to trigger an immune response.

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Humoral Immunity (Antibody-mediated Immunity)

Arm of the adaptive immune system that produces antibodies to neutralize pathogens. It works against extracellular pathogens like bacteria.

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Antibody (Immunoglobulin)

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens and help neutralize or destroy pathogens.

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Cell-mediated Immunity

Branch of the adaptive immune system involving cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected or cancerous cells.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules

Proteins on the surface of cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes, triggering an immune response. There are two classes: MHC Class I and MHC Class II.

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MHC Class I

MHC molecules found on all nucleated cells in the body. They present antigens from within the cell, such as viruses or intracellular bacteria.

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MHC Class II

MHC molecules found primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). They present antigens from outside the cell, such as bacteria or free-floating antigens.

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Study Notes

Speaker and Credentials

  • Dr. Samuel Cheung is a veterinarian
  • He holds a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery from the University of Edinburgh
  • He holds a PhD in Medical Microbiology and Immunology from the University of Alberta
  • He holds a Master of Science in Immunology from the University of Manitoba
  • He holds a Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry from the University of Manitoba
  • He works for Revolution Animal Veterinary Services
  • Contact information is provided

Learning Objectives

  • Understand the difference between innate and adaptive immunity
  • Recognize the cells of the immune system and their main functions
  • Know the two branches of adaptive immunity
  • Recognize how the immune system distinguishes self from non-self
  • Interpret hematology profiles

Immune System Overview

  • Innate Immunity:
    • First line of defense (skin, mucous membranes, normal microbiota)
    • Second line of defense (inflammation, innate immune cells, complement system, antimicrobial substances)
    • Fast and nonspecific response
    • No memory
  • Adaptive Immunity:
    • Third line of defense (specialized immune cells, antibodies)
    • Takes time with a specific target
    • Generates memory

Cells of the Immune System

  • Innate Immunity:
    • Neutrophils
    • Macrophages
    • Mast cells
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    • Natural killer cells
    • Dendritic cells
  • Adaptive Immunity:
    • B lymphocytes (B cells)
    • T lymphocytes (T cells)
    • Dendritic cells

Phagocytes and Granulocytes

  • Phagocytes: "eat" anything that comes in contact with them
    • In tissues: Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural killer cells, Mast cells
    • In blood: Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells
  • Granulocytes: "shoot out granules to kill"
    • In tissues: Natural killer cells, Mast cells
    • In blood: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils,

Immune Cell Distribution

  • Immune cells are found both in tissues and in the bloodstream
  • Immune cells migrate between tissues and the blood.

Pathogen Elimination and Host Response

  • Immune response eliminates pathogens
  • Outcomes: Pathogen elimination by innate immunity alone, or pathogen elimination with innate and adaptive immunity working together, or failure to eliminate pathogens (pathogen takes over)

Phagocytosis and Cytokine Production

  • Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens
  • Cytokines are signaling molecules released by immune cells to activate other immune cells.

Neutrophil Migration into Tissue

  • Neutrophils migrate into tissues to eliminate pathogens

Activation of Adaptive Immunity

  • Recognition of foreign proteins (antigens) triggers the immune response
  • Bacterial infection (extracellular pathogens) triggers humoral immunity
  • Antibody production neutralizes foreign proteins
  • Viral infection (intracellular pathogens) triggers cell-mediated immunity; Cytotoxic T cells target viruses

Self vs Non-Self

  • The immune system distinguishes "self" (body's own proteins and cells) from "non-self" (foreign proteins and cells, such as pathogens)

Hematology Reference Range

  • Values vary based on species (e.g., dog, cat, cow, sheep, horse)
  • Examples of values are provided in a table.

Additional concepts:

  • MHC molecules (Class I and Class II): Important in antigen presentation to T cells
  • Antigen receptor: B or T cell receptors bind to specific antigens
  • Different types of pathogens (extracellular vs. intracellular) trigger distinct types of adaptive immune responses

Additional note on the slide discussing self and non-self

  • The concept in the slide is how the immune system distinguishes between cells that are the person and cells that are foreign.
  • The image highlights the difference in protein structure between self-proteins and "non-self" antigens, which are foreign proteins. Recognition of these differences is crucial for activation of immune response and the prevention of autoimmune diseases.

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Related Documents

Veterinary Immunology Series 1 Sep 16, 2025 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the innate and adaptive immune systems with this quiz. You'll explore key components such as the first and second lines of defense, specific immune cells, and the functions of molecules like MHC Class II. Perfect for students studying immunology or healthcare professionals.

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