Immune System Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are considered part of the first line of defense of the innate immune system?

Skin

Mucous Membranes

Normal Microbiota

All of the Above (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the second line of defense in the innate immune system?

Production of antibodies (correct)

Complement System

Antimicrobial substances

Inflammation

The adaptive immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.

False

Which of the following cells are considered key players in the adaptive immune system?

B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What are the two branches of the adaptive immune system?

Humoral immunity and Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of MHC Class II molecules?

Present antigens to T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an antigen and an epitope?

An antigen is a molecule that can trigger an immune response. An epitope is a specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a plasma cell?

Produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a cytotoxic T cell?

Destroy virally-infected cells Signup and view all the answers

How does the body distinguish between self and non-self?

The immune system recognizes specific epitopes on antigens that are foreign to the body. This recognition triggers an immune response against the non-self antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of blood test that can be used to evaluate the patient's immune system.

Complete Blood Count (CBC) Signup and view all the answers

A high neutrophil count in a blood test might indicate an ______ infection.

bacterial Signup and view all the answers

A low red blood cell count is known as ______

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

A high red blood cell count is always a sign of health.

False Signup and view all the answers

The immune system is designed to attack all foreign materials.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Antigen = A molecule that triggers an immune response Epitope = A specific site on an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor Phagocyte = A type of immune cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens MHC Class I = Expressed on all nucleated cells and presents peptides from within the cell MHC Class II = Expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and presents antigens to T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Speaker and Credentials

Dr. Samuel Cheung is a veterinarian
He holds a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery from the University of Edinburgh
He holds a PhD in Medical Microbiology and Immunology from the University of Alberta
He holds a Master of Science in Immunology from the University of Manitoba
He holds a Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry from the University of Manitoba
He works for Revolution Animal Veterinary Services
Contact information is provided

Learning Objectives

Understand the difference between innate and adaptive immunity
Recognize the cells of the immune system and their main functions
Know the two branches of adaptive immunity
Recognize how the immune system distinguishes self from non-self
Interpret hematology profiles

Immune System Overview

Innate Immunity:
- First line of defense (skin, mucous membranes, normal microbiota)
- Second line of defense (inflammation, innate immune cells, complement system, antimicrobial substances)
- Fast and nonspecific response
- No memory
Adaptive Immunity:
- Third line of defense (specialized immune cells, antibodies)
- Takes time with a specific target
- Generates memory

Cells of the Immune System

Innate Immunity:
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Natural killer cells
- Dendritic cells
Adaptive Immunity:
- B lymphocytes (B cells)
- T lymphocytes (T cells)
- Dendritic cells

Phagocytes and Granulocytes

Phagocytes: "eat" anything that comes in contact with them
- In tissues: Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Natural killer cells, Mast cells
- In blood: Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cells
Granulocytes: "shoot out granules to kill"
- In tissues: Natural killer cells, Mast cells
- In blood: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils,

Immune Cell Distribution

Immune cells are found both in tissues and in the bloodstream
Immune cells migrate between tissues and the blood.

Pathogen Elimination and Host Response

Immune response eliminates pathogens
Outcomes: Pathogen elimination by innate immunity alone, or pathogen elimination with innate and adaptive immunity working together, or failure to eliminate pathogens (pathogen takes over)

Phagocytosis and Cytokine Production

Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens
Cytokines are signaling molecules released by immune cells to activate other immune cells.

Neutrophil Migration into Tissue

Neutrophils migrate into tissues to eliminate pathogens

Activation of Adaptive Immunity

Recognition of foreign proteins (antigens) triggers the immune response
Bacterial infection (extracellular pathogens) triggers humoral immunity
Antibody production neutralizes foreign proteins
Viral infection (intracellular pathogens) triggers cell-mediated immunity; Cytotoxic T cells target viruses

Self vs Non-Self

The immune system distinguishes "self" (body's own proteins and cells) from "non-self" (foreign proteins and cells, such as pathogens)

Hematology Reference Range

Values vary based on species (e.g., dog, cat, cow, sheep, horse)
Examples of values are provided in a table.

Additional concepts:

MHC molecules (Class I and Class II): Important in antigen presentation to T cells
Antigen receptor: B or T cell receptors bind to specific antigens
Different types of pathogens (extracellular vs. intracellular) trigger distinct types of adaptive immune responses

Additional note on the slide discussing self and non-self

The concept in the slide is how the immune system distinguishes between cells that are the person and cells that are foreign.
The image highlights the difference in protein structure between self-proteins and "non-self" antigens, which are foreign proteins. Recognition of these differences is crucial for activation of immune response and the prevention of autoimmune diseases.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the innate and adaptive immune systems with this quiz. You'll explore key components such as the first and second lines of defense, specific immune cells, and the functions of molecules like MHC Class II. Perfect for students studying immunology or healthcare professionals.