Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which cytokine plays a key role in the differentiation of both TH17 and Tregs?
Which cytokine plays a key role in the differentiation of both TH17 and Tregs?
Which transcriptional regulator is a master regulator for TH1 cells?
Which transcriptional regulator is a master regulator for TH1 cells?
Which type of response is typically involved in the immune response against intracellular pathogens?
Which type of response is typically involved in the immune response against intracellular pathogens?
Which cytokine secreted by TH2 cells inhibits TH1 differentiation?
Which cytokine secreted by TH2 cells inhibits TH1 differentiation?
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What is the role of IL-6 in T cell subset differentiation?
What is the role of IL-6 in T cell subset differentiation?
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Which molecule is expressed by effector T cells to target specific tissues?
Which molecule is expressed by effector T cells to target specific tissues?
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In the presence of which cytokine, TGF-β leads to more antibacterial TH17 differentiation?
In the presence of which cytokine, TGF-β leads to more antibacterial TH17 differentiation?
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Which type of response is involved in the response to infections by extracellular bacteria and fungi?
Which type of response is involved in the response to infections by extracellular bacteria and fungi?
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Which cytokine inhibits TH2 differentiation and can bind to receptors on naive CD4+ T cells?
Which cytokine inhibits TH2 differentiation and can bind to receptors on naive CD4+ T cells?
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Which transcriptional regulator inhibits the expression of IL-4/5 and GATA3, suppressing the TH2 pathway gene expression?
Which transcriptional regulator inhibits the expression of IL-4/5 and GATA3, suppressing the TH2 pathway gene expression?
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Which cytokines can inhibit or slow viral replication by leading to intracellular signaling?
Which cytokines can inhibit or slow viral replication by leading to intracellular signaling?
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What is the main function of Natural Killer cells in response to viral infections?
What is the main function of Natural Killer cells in response to viral infections?
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What happens to the amount of virus-specific CTLs when the viral titer decreases?
What happens to the amount of virus-specific CTLs when the viral titer decreases?
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Which cells secrete IFN gamma to exert their effects during a viral infection?
Which cells secrete IFN gamma to exert their effects during a viral infection?
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What is the main function of IFN gamma during a viral infection?
What is the main function of IFN gamma during a viral infection?
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Which cytokines are crucial in activating macrophages and stimulating the production of chemokines during a viral infection?
Which cytokines are crucial in activating macrophages and stimulating the production of chemokines during a viral infection?
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What is the family of IFN gamma in terms of interferons?
What is the family of IFN gamma in terms of interferons?
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During a viral infection, which cells recognize and kill tumor cells by their absence of MHC class I?
During a viral infection, which cells recognize and kill tumor cells by their absence of MHC class I?
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What is the effect of Type I IFN on viral replication?
What is the effect of Type I IFN on viral replication?
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What is the primary function of Virus-specific CTLs during a viral infection?
What is the primary function of Virus-specific CTLs during a viral infection?
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Study Notes
Type I IFN
- Potent antiviral effects, activated by PRR activation
- Important anti-viral cytokines, inhibit or slow viral replication by intracellular signaling
CD4+ T Cell Subtypes
- TH1 responses: involved in response to infections by viruses and intracellular pathogens
- TH2 responses: involved in response to parasites, other extracellular pathogens, and allergy
- TH17 responses: involved in response to infections by extracellular bacteria and fungi, and autoimmunity
- TFH responses: involved in activating B cells in the lymph node
Cross-Regulation of T Cell Subtypes
- IL-4 inhibits TH1 differentiation, while IFN-gamma inhibits TH2 differentiation
- IL-4 can bind to receptors on naive CD4+ T cells, preventing differentiation into TH1
- IL-4 or IFN-gamma can inhibit TH17 differentiation
Master Transcriptional Regulators
- T-Bet: commits T cells to TH1 subset, inhibits IL-4/5 and GATA expression, suppressing TH2 pathway gene expression
- GATA3: inhibits expression of T-Bet and IFN-gamma, suppressing TH1 pathway gene expression
TH17/TREG Decision Point
- TGF-β is a key cytokine for differentiation of both TH17 and TREG subsets
- IL-6 is the "switch," inducing TH17 subset differentiation instead of TREG
Homing of T Cells
- Effector T cells express molecules that target specific tissues (e.g., skin vs gut), depending on the site of infection
- Different cell surface molecules are expressed by naive vs effector T cells, as they travel to different locations in the body
Cytokine Patterns and Functions
- Effector cytokine patterns are tied to function
- Cytokines and master transcriptional regulators regulate the expression of different T cell subsets
- The addition of different cytokines can switch the induction of one T cell subset over another
Type II IFN
- Role in immune response against intracellular pathogens
- IFN-gamma is the only Type II IFN, secreted by CTLs, increases MHC class I expression on neighboring cells, and activates macrophages
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Description
Test your knowledge on the immune response to viral infections, including the roles of Type I IFN, natural killer cells, and virus-specific CTLs. Learn how these immune components work together to combat viral replication and infected cells.
