60 Questions
Which term refers to transplantation between genetically identical individuals?
Syngeneic
Which term refers to transplantation between genetically disparate members of the same species?
Allogeneic
Which term refers to transplantation to another site on the same individual?
Autologous
Which term refers to transplantation to a genetically identical individual, such as homozygous twins?
Isograft
What is the term for the time from the interruption of circulation to the donor organ until it is flushed with hypothermic preservation solution?
Warm ischemic time
What is the term for the time from the moment the organ is removed from the cold preservation solution until the blood supply is reinstated?
Cold ischemic time
What is the term for the time from the moment the blood supply is reinstated to the graft?
Reperfusion time
Which type of immune cells are mainly responsible for acute rejection of a graft?
CD8 T-cells
What is the term for the rejection of a graft that occurs within weeks to months?
Acute rejection
Which type of immune response is characterized by chronic vascular damage and reduction of vascular lumen?
Chronic rejection
What is the main mechanism of graft damage in hyperacute rejection?
Preformed antibodies
Which of the following is NOT an example of a live-donor transplant?
Heart
What is the maximum number of mismatches considered in HLA matching for solid organ transplantation?
6
What is the function of HLA-alleles?
To increase diversity and improve species survival
What is the purpose of donor/recipient crossmatching in transplantation preparation?
To detect pre-formed antibodies in the recipient
What is the major concern in ABO matching for organ transplantation?
ABO incompatibility
Which MHC complex is presented intracellularly?
MHC-I
What is the result of reperfusion of an ischemic organ graft?
Reperfusion damage
What do anti-HLA antibodies primarily target?
Donor vasculature
Which leukocytes express Fc receptors that interact with HLA antibodies?
Monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells
What is hyperacute rejection in transplantation?
Very early destruction of the graft caused by antibodies to HLA, RBC, and EC antigens
Which of the following is a signal molecule for immunosuppression?
Cyclosporin A
Which of the following is an example of a biological used in renal transplantation?
Rituximab
Which of the following is a classic triple regimen in renal transplantation?
Cyclosporin A, Azathioprine, Corticosteroids
Which of the following situations may require a reduction in immunosuppression?
High risk of infection
According to the text, how does the immune system differentiate between 'self' and 'non-self'?
By differentiating between tissue injury and microbial products
Which of the following organs has the highest frequency of complications in transplantation?
Liver
Which of the following is an example of an autograft?
Bone Marrow/stem cells
What is the main principle effect of Tacrolimus?
Calcineurin inhibition
What is the main mechanism of graft rejection?
Chronic
Which type of transplantation involves grafting between different species?
Xenograft
Which type of transplantation is performed between genetically identical individuals?
Isograft
What is the term for the time from the interruption of circulation to the donor organ until it is flushed with hypothermic preservation solution?
Warm ischemic time
What is the main mechanism of graft rejection in transplantation?
Antibody-mediated response
Which pathway can be triggered by complement activating antibodies binding to C1?
Classical pathway
Which molecule is responsible for the activation of the complement system?
Complement cascade
Which type of T cells are less specific and recognize MHC molecules that the donor does not have?
T cells with non-specific receptors
Which immune cells express receptors for the FC portion of antibodies?
Monocytes
Which of the following is a potential consequence of antibodies in transplantation?
Inflammation and clotting
What is the main mechanism of graft rejection?
T cell recognition of non-self MHC molecules
What is the term for the rejection of a graft that occurs within a very short time?
Hyperacute rejection
What is the function of HLA-alleles in transplantation?
They present antigens to T cells
Which cells differentiate into plasma cells that can reside in the bone marrow or in the gut?
B cells
What happens when antibodies recognize MHC molecules on the surface of the endothelium?
Endothelial cells get activated and express class II MHC
Which type of cells can express class II MHC when activated?
Endothelial cells
What is the result of activation and expression of class II MHC by endothelial cells?
Proliferation of T cells
Which of the following is NOT a topic that will be covered in the lecture on transplantation?
Nomenclature of transplantation
What is the main focus of the lecture on transplantation?
The immune response to graft
What is the difference between genetic and allogenic transplantation?
Genetic transplantation involves identical twins, while allogenic transplantation involves different genetic backgrounds.
What is the purpose of immunosuppression in transplantation?
To prevent rejection of the graft by suppressing the immune response
Which of the following is a function of the HLA complex?
Increasing the diversity of the species
What is the role of MHC molecules in antigen presentation?
They help the immune system recognize antigens inside a cell
What triggers the immune response to a graft in transplantation?
All of the above
What is the main concern in terms of HLA matching for organ transplantation?
The number of mismatches
Which cells can take up EVs produced by stressed graft cells?
Recipient cells
What is the result of recipient cells taking up EVs produced by stressed graft cells?
Expression of donor MHC molecules
What is the function of MHC molecules in EVs produced by stressed graft cells?
Activation of the immune system
What is the main result of recipient T-cell activation in the beginning of transplantation?
Strong immune response
What is the main mechanism of graft rejection in transplantation?
Activation of the immune system
What is the purpose of immunosuppression in transplantation?
Prevention of graft rejection
Test your knowledge of the immune response to grafts and the role of various cells, including CD8 T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages. Explore the interactions between MHC II (non-self) and CD4 T-cells, as well as the formation of memory cells and the targeting of non-self cells.
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