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Questions and Answers
What term describes a patient with a suppressed immune response?
What term describes a patient with a suppressed immune response?
What is the potential consequence of an excessively intense immune response?
What is the potential consequence of an excessively intense immune response?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of autoimmune diseases?
What are allergens primarily responsible for triggering?
What are allergens primarily responsible for triggering?
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What effect does HIV have on the immune system?
What effect does HIV have on the immune system?
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Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions?
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What type of response results from autoimmune diseases?
What type of response results from autoimmune diseases?
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In what form do antigens enter the body to provoke hypersensitivity?
In what form do antigens enter the body to provoke hypersensitivity?
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What is one major function of the immune system?
What is one major function of the immune system?
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Which of the following best describes primary immunodeficiency disorders?
Which of the following best describes primary immunodeficiency disorders?
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What type of response might occur during an autoimmune disease?
What type of response might occur during an autoimmune disease?
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disorder?
Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disorder?
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What is a potential effect of immune system dysfunction?
What is a potential effect of immune system dysfunction?
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What does the immune response process primarily involve?
What does the immune response process primarily involve?
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What primarily targets the T-helper lymphocytes in the immune system?
What primarily targets the T-helper lymphocytes in the immune system?
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Hypersensitivity disorders are characterized by which type of immune response?
Hypersensitivity disorders are characterized by which type of immune response?
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Which lymphocyte type is primarily involved in the body’s response in autoimmune diseases?
Which lymphocyte type is primarily involved in the body’s response in autoimmune diseases?
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What leads to the eventual diagnosis of AIDS in an individual infected with HIV?
What leads to the eventual diagnosis of AIDS in an individual infected with HIV?
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What is the consequence of continuous viral replication in HIV infection?
What is the consequence of continuous viral replication in HIV infection?
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Which group is most at risk for severe complications from influenza?
Which group is most at risk for severe complications from influenza?
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What best describes the nature of the immune system dysfunction caused by HIV?
What best describes the nature of the immune system dysfunction caused by HIV?
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During the latent phase of HIV infection, what occurs to the immune system?
During the latent phase of HIV infection, what occurs to the immune system?
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What happens when CD4+ lymphocyte production cannot match their destruction in HIV infection?
What happens when CD4+ lymphocyte production cannot match their destruction in HIV infection?
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What is a common misconception about HIV and AIDS?
What is a common misconception about HIV and AIDS?
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What are the two types of immunodeficiency disorders?
What are the two types of immunodeficiency disorders?
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What specifically characterizes primary immunodeficiency disorders?
What specifically characterizes primary immunodeficiency disorders?
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What term describes the immune response's ability to recognize and remember foreign substances?
What term describes the immune response's ability to recognize and remember foreign substances?
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Which immune response problem is characterized by an inability to fend off infections?
Which immune response problem is characterized by an inability to fend off infections?
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What might be a consequence of an excessive immune response?
What might be a consequence of an excessive immune response?
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Which aspect of immune system functionality does NOT typically result from an immune deficiency?
Which aspect of immune system functionality does NOT typically result from an immune deficiency?
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Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is true?
Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is true?
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What is a potential effect of immune system dysfunction?
What is a potential effect of immune system dysfunction?
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What condition is characterized by excessive inflammation and tissue damage due to an intense immune response to previously encountered antigens?
What condition is characterized by excessive inflammation and tissue damage due to an intense immune response to previously encountered antigens?
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Which of the following autoimmune diseases primarily targets the central nervous system?
Which of the following autoimmune diseases primarily targets the central nervous system?
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What is one major mechanism through which HIV leads to immunodeficiency?
What is one major mechanism through which HIV leads to immunodeficiency?
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In which type of hypersensitivity disorder can an allergic reaction occur from direct skin contact with an allergen?
In which type of hypersensitivity disorder can an allergic reaction occur from direct skin contact with an allergen?
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Which of the following describes a common outcome of autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following describes a common outcome of autoimmune diseases?
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What is the main target of HIV in the human body?
What is the main target of HIV in the human body?
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What is a common characteristic of secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
What is a common characteristic of secondary immunodeficiency disorders?
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What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS?
What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS?
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Which autoimmune disease is predominantly associated with thyroid dysfunction?
Which autoimmune disease is predominantly associated with thyroid dysfunction?
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What happens to T-helper lymphocytes during HIV infection?
What happens to T-helper lymphocytes during HIV infection?
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What is a potential consequence of unchecked immune system overactivity due to hypersensitivity?
What is a potential consequence of unchecked immune system overactivity due to hypersensitivity?
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How long can HIV infection be clinically latent?
How long can HIV infection be clinically latent?
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What is a common outcome when CD4+ lymphocyte production cannot keep pace with their destruction?
What is a common outcome when CD4+ lymphocyte production cannot keep pace with their destruction?
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What type of virus is HIV classified as?
What type of virus is HIV classified as?
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Which group of individuals is most at risk of severe complications from influenza?
Which group of individuals is most at risk of severe complications from influenza?
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Which factor contributes to the worldwide spread of HIV?
Which factor contributes to the worldwide spread of HIV?
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Study Notes
Immune Response Problems
- Immune response problems are caused by inadequate response and excessive response
- Inadequate response is known as Immunodeficiency disorder
- Immunodeficiency disorder is categorized into primary and secondary
- Primary Immunodeficiency is associated with defective B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes or both
- Primary immunodeficiency arises from gene mutation that is sporadic (not inherited)
- Secondary Immunodeficiency is acquired
- Secondary Immunodeficiency is a result of a suppressed immune response (e.g., infection, malnutrition, or medications)
- Primary Immunodeficiency is associated with defective B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes or both
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- HIV is a retrovirus which was unknown until the early 1980's
- Millions of people across the world are infected with HIV
- HIV specifically targets T-helper (CD4+) lymphocytes
- HIV gradually destroys CD4+ T lymphocytes
- Viral replication continues actively following HIV infection
- The destruction rate of CD4+ T lymphocytes is progressive
- The immune system is able to fight off infection and remain intact for years during the HIV latent period
- During this period, the immune surveillance and prevention of most infections is maintained
- Eventually, a significant number of CD4+ lymphocytes are destroyed and new CD4+ cells cannot match their destruction
- This leads to immune system failure and clinical AIDS
- AIDS only occurs at late-stage HIV, not automatically with infection
Influenza
- Influenza is a viral infection which impacts millions of people globally every year
- The World Health Organization claims it is responsible for approximately 650,000 deaths per year
- High-risk groups include children under 5 years old, the elderly, those with chronic health conditions, and people with immunosuppressive conditions
Pathophysiology of Influenza
- The pathophysiology of influenza begins with the virus entering the body via the respiratory tract
- This triggers the immune response to target the virus and eradicate it
- The inflammatory response can lead to upper respiratory tract symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose)
- Some experience lower respiratory tract symptoms (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
- Individuals with chronic respiratory illnesses may experience more severe effects
- The immune system’s response can lead to the spread of the virus to other individuals
- This is why isolating individuals is important
- The typical course of influenza is characterized by a fever, cough, and fatigue
- Symptoms usually last for approximately 7 days
- Prognosis for most individuals is good recovery, however, in some cases, influenza complications can lead to hospitalization and death
Assessing Influenza
- Influenza can be diagnosed with a viral test
- Nasal/Throat swab is collected and examined by a laboratory test
Immune Response Problems
- The immune response (IR) protects the body through activated lymphocytes.
- The immune system recognizes “foreign” matter (antigen) and eradicates it.
- Immune response problems are caused by inadequate, excessive, or inappropriate responses.
Inadequate Response (Immune Deficiency)
- Primary immunodeficiency is caused by defective B or T lymphocytes resulting from sporadic gene mutations, not inherited.
- Secondary immunodeficiency develops during a person's lifetime due to suppression of the immune response.
- Both primary and secondary immunodeficiency lead to susceptibility to reoccurring infections.
Excessive Response (Immune Overactivity)
- Hypersensitivity disorders (“allergies”) are caused by an excessive immune response to an antigen, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
- They can be triggered by inhaled, ingested, injected, or contact allergens.
- Various types of hypersensitivity exist, with consequences ranging from mild itching to fatal anaphylaxis.
Autoimmune Diseases
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, impacting nerve impulses.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and joint destruction.
- Hashimoto’s disease: An autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
- Crohn’s disease: Causes chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition.
- Vitiligo: Affects the skin, causing loss of pigment (melanin), leading to white patches on the skin.
- There is no cure for autoimmune diseases.
HIV Infection and AIDS
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus that targets T-helper (CD4+) lymphocytes, leading to their destruction.
- HIV infection can remain latent for years, with enough immune function to prevent most infections.
- Eventually, as CD4+ cell destruction surpasses production, a failure of the immune system leads to the development of AIDS.
- AIDS is a late-stage HIV infection, characterized by a severely compromised immune system.
Influenza
- Definition: Influenza is a viral infection that affects millions worldwide each year.
- Cause/Aetiology: Influenza is caused by the influenza virus.
- Pathogenesis: The virus infects the respiratory tract, causing inflammation and cell damage, leading to symptoms like fever, cough, and sore throat.
- Clinical Features: Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, and body aches.
- Course: Influenza typically lasts for several days, with most people recovering fully within 1-2 weeks.
- Prognosis: The majority of individuals recover from influenza, however, severe cases can be fatal.
- Diagnosis: Influenza can be diagnosed through a number of methods, including a viral nasal swab test.
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Description
Explore the complexities of immune response problems, including both inadequate and excessive responses. Delve into the specifics of Immunodeficiency disorders, their types, and the impact of HIV on the immune system, particularly in relation to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This quiz will enhance your understanding of these critical health issues.
