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What process is primarily responsible for capturing antigens in the immune response?
What process is primarily responsible for capturing antigens in the immune response?
Which cells are primarily responsible for immunity against intracellular viruses and tumor cells?
Which cells are primarily responsible for immunity against intracellular viruses and tumor cells?
Which type of T lymphocytes is involved in the regulation of the immune response?
Which type of T lymphocytes is involved in the regulation of the immune response?
What do plasma cells primarily produce when activated?
What do plasma cells primarily produce when activated?
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In which organ do T lymphocytes mature after leaving the bone marrow?
In which organ do T lymphocytes mature after leaving the bone marrow?
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What is the main role of natural killer cells in the immune system?
What is the main role of natural killer cells in the immune system?
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Which cells act as messengers in the immune system by secreting soluble factors?
Which cells act as messengers in the immune system by secreting soluble factors?
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What is a significant characteristic of dendritic cells in the immune system?
What is a significant characteristic of dendritic cells in the immune system?
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What is more common than cold-reactive antibodies in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)?
What is more common than cold-reactive antibodies in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)?
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What condition occurs when the transfused blood type differs from the recipient's blood type?
What condition occurs when the transfused blood type differs from the recipient's blood type?
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What triggers cold-reactive antibodies to become active?
What triggers cold-reactive antibodies to become active?
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Which drug is NOT typically associated with causing hemolytic anemia?
Which drug is NOT typically associated with causing hemolytic anemia?
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What physiological change can cause red blood cells to break down faster than normal?
What physiological change can cause red blood cells to break down faster than normal?
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What is a key characteristic of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)?
What is a key characteristic of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)?
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Which condition is characterized by high blood pressure that occurs during pregnancy?
Which condition is characterized by high blood pressure that occurs during pregnancy?
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What is a potential risk factor associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
What is a potential risk factor associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
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What is a common cause of anaphylaxis related to food?
What is a common cause of anaphylaxis related to food?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with severe systemic reactions of anaphylaxis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with severe systemic reactions of anaphylaxis?
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What type of medication is known to potentially trigger an anaphylactic reaction?
What type of medication is known to potentially trigger an anaphylactic reaction?
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Which reaction is characterized by rapid onset symptoms like dyspnea and hypotension?
Which reaction is characterized by rapid onset symptoms like dyspnea and hypotension?
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What type of insect is a common cause of anaphylaxis?
What type of insect is a common cause of anaphylaxis?
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In which time frame do mild systemic reactions to allergens typically present symptoms?
In which time frame do mild systemic reactions to allergens typically present symptoms?
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Which manifestation is characteristic of a moderate systemic reaction?
Which manifestation is characteristic of a moderate systemic reaction?
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What physiological change is NOT a symptom of anaphylaxis?
What physiological change is NOT a symptom of anaphylaxis?
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Which mosquito is primarily responsible for dengue fever transmission in Hong Kong?
Which mosquito is primarily responsible for dengue fever transmission in Hong Kong?
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What is the typical incubation period for dengue fever?
What is the typical incubation period for dengue fever?
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What is the recommended DEET concentration for pregnant women?
What is the recommended DEET concentration for pregnant women?
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What should be done to prevent mosquito breeding?
What should be done to prevent mosquito breeding?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with leptospirosis?
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How long after exposure can symptoms of leptospirosis appear?
How long after exposure can symptoms of leptospirosis appear?
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What is the primary cause of leptospirosis?
What is the primary cause of leptospirosis?
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Which action should NOT be taken when using insect repellents and sunscreen?
Which action should NOT be taken when using insect repellents and sunscreen?
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What is the primary cause of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?
What is the primary cause of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?
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Which of the following are early manifestations of myasthenia gravis?
Which of the following are early manifestations of myasthenia gravis?
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What nursing intervention can be implemented to help prevent aspiration in patients with myasthenia gravis?
What nursing intervention can be implemented to help prevent aspiration in patients with myasthenia gravis?
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What is the purpose of the Tensilon Test in diagnosing myasthenia gravis?
What is the purpose of the Tensilon Test in diagnosing myasthenia gravis?
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What are the 3 D's associated with myasthenia gravis manifestations?
What are the 3 D's associated with myasthenia gravis manifestations?
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Which medication is contraindicated in the treatment of myasthenia gravis due to its potential to increase muscle weakness?
Which medication is contraindicated in the treatment of myasthenia gravis due to its potential to increase muscle weakness?
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What is a potential cause of a myasthenic crisis?
What is a potential cause of a myasthenic crisis?
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Which factor contributes to the variability in severity of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which factor contributes to the variability in severity of rheumatoid arthritis?
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Study Notes
Immune Response Mechanism
- Phagocytosis is the process for capturing antigens by macrophages.
- Antigens are presented to T and B lymphocytes, initiating an immune response.
Lymphocyte Types
- Produced in bone marrow, with two main types: B and T lymphocytes.
B Lymphocytes
- Known as Bursa-equivalent lymphocytes; named for the bursa of Fabricius in birds.
- In humans, equivalent tissue is found in bone marrow.
- Activate and differentiate into plasma cells, producing antibodies.
T Lymphocytes
- Migrate from bone marrow to thymus for differentiation.
- Thymus secretes thymosin, promoting T cell maturation.
- Comprise 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes and are vital for immunity against intracellular viruses, tumor cells, and fungi.
Categories of T Lymphocytes
- T Cytotoxic Cells: Attack and destroy foreign pathogens by releasing cytolytic substances.
- T Helper Cells: Regulate both cell-mediated immunity and humoral antibody responses, with subsets TH1 and TH2.
- Natural Killer Cells: Large lymphocytes involved in immune surveillance, recognizing and killing virus-infected cells and tumors.
- Dendritic Cells: Crucial for cell-mediated immunity, located in skin and mucosal areas.
Cytokines
- Soluble factors secreted by WBCs that act as messengers, guiding cell proliferation, differentiation, and activity.
Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Anaphylaxis: Immediate and severe allergic reaction to antigens that can be life-threatening, characterized by rapid onset and symptoms like bronchial constriction and vascular collapse.
- Initial symptoms include edema and itching; can progress to shock, dyspnea, and cyanosis.
Common Causes of Anaphylaxis
- Foods: Peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, fish, milk, eggs, soy, wheat.
- Medications: Antibiotics, anesthetics, vaccines, and NSAIDs.
- Insects: Stings from bees, wasps, ants, etc.
- Latex: Found in various medical and non-medical products.
Clinical Manifestations of Anaphylaxis
- Severe Reactions: Rapid progression to bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and possible cardiac arrest.
- Moderate Reactions: Symptoms like flushing and anxiety, along with respiratory distress.
- Mild Reactions: Tingling, warmth, nasal congestion, and periorbital swelling.
Hemolytic Anemia Related Conditions
- Cold-reactive antibodies: Active when exposed to cold temperatures.
- Alloimmune hemolytic anemia: Occurs when antibodies target transfused red blood cells of a different type.
- Drugs causing hemolytic anemia: Such as penicillin, chemotherapy drugs, and NSAIDs.
- Physical causes: Conditions like hemodialysis, preeclampsia, and major vessel injuries can damage red blood cells.
Neurologic Disorder: Myasthenia Gravis
- Characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue due to impaired communication between nerves and muscles.
- Etiology is often autoimmune.
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Diagnostic Tests:
- Tensilon Test: Administering edrophonium shows increased muscle strength.
- EMG: To assess muscle response.
- Early symptoms include ptosis and diplopia.
Nursing Interventions for Myasthenia Gravis
- Administer medications before meals to prevent aspiration.
- Assess gag reflex, provide fall protection, and manage respiratory risks.
- Encourage adequate rest and activity.
Medical Management for Myasthenia Gravis
- Plasmapheresis: Removal of antibodies to mitigate immune response.
- Medications like neostigmine and pyridostigmine support communication at neuromuscular junctions.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting joints, muscles, and surrounding tissues, often requiring lifelong management.
- Believed to have an autoimmune basis with patterns of spontaneous remissions and exacerbations.
Dengue Fever
- Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, development typically occurs 4-7 days post-exposure.
- No specific treatment; management focuses on symptom relief.
Leptospirosis
- Bacterial disease caused by Leptospira, found worldwide with flu-like symptoms.
- Can lead to severe illness with symptoms including jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain.
- Incubation period ranges from 2 days to 4 weeks after exposure.
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Description
Explore the intricate mechanisms of the immune response, focusing on the roles of different lymphocyte types. Learn about B and T lymphocytes, their development, and how they contribute to the body's defense against pathogens. This quiz delves into critical processes such as phagocytosis and the differentiation of lymphocytes in the immune system.
