Immune Response and Inflammatory Mediators Quiz (Lec 19)

The Immune Response and Inflammatory Mediators

• Acute inflammatory response involves the release of inflammatory mediators from injured tissue cells, resulting in inflammation signs and chemical mediators such as selectins, integrins, and chemotaxins.
• Phagocytes move into infected tissue and engulf bacteria and dead cells, and histamine and complement signaling cease when phagocytes are no longer attracted, returning the tissue to normal.
• Phagocytosis involves phagocytes avoiding attacking host cells and killing engulfed bacteria with reactive oxidative burst.
• The immune system has four characteristics: specificity, diversity, distinguishing self from nonself, and immunological memory.
• The human immune system can distinguish and respond to an estimated 10 million different antigenic determinants.
• The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and leaves normal cells' antigenic determinants alone.
• The immune system remembers pathogens and mounts future responses more rapidly.
• The immune system has two responses against invaders: the humoral immune response (B cells) and the cellular immune response (T cells).
• Four groups of proteins play key roles in defending against disease: antibodies, T cell receptors, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, and cytokines.
• B cells produce antibodies that bind specific substances and operate in concert with T cells.
• T cells recognize and bind specific antigenic determinants and destroy virus-infected or mutated cells.
• When the body encounters an antigen for the first time, a primary immune response is activated, and a secondary immune response occurs much more rapidly due to immunological memory.