Immune Function and Stress
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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of cortisol on lymphocyte proliferation?

  • Inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation (correct)
  • Activating lymphocyte proliferation
  • Enhancing lymphocyte proliferation
  • No effect on lymphocyte proliferation

    • Which neurotransmitter innervates immune organs like the spleen and bone marrow?

  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Noradrenaline (correct)
  • Epinephrine

    • What alteration occurs in innate, non-specific immunity due to exposure to short-term stressors?

  • Decrease in Th2 humoral immunity
  • Increase in innate immunity (correct)
  • Increase in specific immunity
  • Increase in proinflammatory cytokines

    • How can norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) influence lymphocytes upon longer exposure?

    <p><strong>Decrease</strong> in the number of natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Persistent inflammatory activity' is associated with which type of stressor exposure?

    <p><strong>Chronic Stressors</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants who experienced higher pain after surgery showed faster wound healing according to the study.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Writing about a traumatic event led to larger wounds 14 and 21 days after the biopsy compared to writing about time management.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with high cortisol levels, indicating high stress, tended to heal wounds faster according to the study.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients who experienced less pain post-surgery were closer to full healing on day 25 compared to those who experienced higher pain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower levels of cytokines were found in wounds of participants with high cortisol levels, indicating slower healing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with the correct interpretation:

    <p>Patients who reported higher pain during 28 days postsurgery experienced slower healing = Higher pain levels post-surgery correlated with slower wound healing On day 25, patients who ranked less pain were 25% away from being fully healed = Patients with lower pain levels on day 25 were closer to full healing Patients who ranked greater than an 8 were still about 75% away from being fully healed = Patients with pain levels above 8 were far from full healing progress People with therapeutic ways to deal with stress give the immune system a boost, leading to faster healing = Effective stress management can enhance immune function and speed up the healing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following findings with the correct implications:

    <p>Participants who wrote about traumatic events had significantly smaller wounds 14 and 21 days after the biopsy compared with those who wrote about time management = Expressing emotions through writing may promote faster wound healing Low levels of cytokines at the wound site were found in participants with high levels of cortisol (stress) = Elevated stress levels may hinder immune response at the wound site Slower healing group showed higher stress levels, lower optimism, and higher cortisol compared to faster healing = Psychological factors like stress and optimism can impact wound healing rates Writing about a traumatic event led to larger wounds 14 and 21 days after the biopsy compared to writing about time management = Discussing traumatic experiences may delay wound healing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Men writing about a traumatic event = Participants in the emotional disclosure intervention study Participants with high cortisol levels and slower healing = Group showing higher stress, lower optimism, and delayed recovery Participants ranking higher than 8 in pain post-surgery = Individuals further from full healing progress on day 25 Participants writing about time management = Comparison group having larger wounds at 14 and 21 days post-biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Kill infected cells without specific memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

    <p>Create antibodies to fight antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells aid in the immune response?

    <p>Recognize antigens for B cells to respond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory cells in the immune system?

    <p>Store information on previously encountered antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes antigens from pathogens in the context of immune response?

    <p>Antigens are toxins that cause harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Activate B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis and travel to different parts of the body to eliminate pathogens?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibodies produced by B lymphocytes?

    <p>Recognize and deactivate antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the first line of defense in the immune system?

    <p>Provide physical and chemical barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes fever during an immune response?

    <p>Histamine denaturing proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Cytotoxic T-Cells in the immune response?

    <p>Kill infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Suppressor T-Cells in the immune response?

    <p>Stop the immune response when all antigens have been destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Helper T-Cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>Activate Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of an allergic reaction?

    <p>Release of histamines by certain cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance can help treat severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine (EpiPen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes immediate allergic reactions from delayed reactions?

    <p>Duration of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do histamines contribute to allergic reactions?

    <p>Causing release of fluids like runny noses and eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment method for allergies that focuses on avoiding triggers?

    <p>Material avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Primary and Secondary Immune Response?

    <p>Primary Immune Response is slower with no measurable immune response initially, while Secondary Immune Response is faster with a dramatic increase in antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of Active Immunity compared to Passive Immunity?

    <p>Active Immunity involves the body creating antibodies to fight infection actively, while Passive Immunity relies on antibodies given from another source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best describes Passive Immunity?

    <p>Antibodies are passed from a breastfeeding mother to her child through breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an Autoimmune Disease?

    <p>The immune system starts attacking the body's own cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does Cortisol impact immunity?

    <p>Slows down wound healing by reducing cytokine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System

    • The immune system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from non-harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response.
    • Immunity is the ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies (lymphocytes) or killing infected cells (natural killer cells).

    Foreign Invaders

    • Pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, or other living things that cause disease/immune response.
    • Antigens: Toxins that pathogens produce that cause harm to an organism.

    Immune System Components

    • Blood: White Blood Cells (Lymphocytes) in particular.
    • Lymph nodes: Site where immune cells interact and respond to pathogens.
    • Thymus Gland: Produces T Lymphocytes.
    • Bone Marrow: Produces B Lymphocytes.

    Lines of Defense

    • First Line of Defense: The Skin
      • Provides physical and chemical barriers.
      • Physical: hard to penetrate, made of indigestible keratin.
      • Chemical: tears, sweat.
    • Second Line of Defense: Non-Specific Immune Response
      • Phagocytosis: done by Macrophages.
      • Macrophage: A phagocytic cell found in the liver, spleen, brain, and lungs.
      • Cytokines: cells that bind to other cells receptors to alert of pathogens around.
    • Third Line of Defense: Specific Immune Response
      • Involves the creation of Antibodies.
      • Antibodies: Y-shaped protein molecule produced by B-Lymphocytes.
      • Function: Recognize antigens, bind to and deactivate them.

    Immune Response

    • Antigen infects cells.
    • Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion of it on its surface.
    • Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active.
    • Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic (killer) T-Cells and B-Cells.
    • Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T-Cells.
    • Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.
    • At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B-Cells.
    • Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.
    • Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears.

    Allergies

    • Allergy: An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen.
    • Allergen: A normally harmless substance that causes an allergic reaction.
    • Types of Allergic reactions:
      • Immediate: occurs within seconds and normally lasts for about 30 minutes.
      • Delayed: takes longer to react and can last for a much longer time.

    Immune System and Stress

    • Noradrenaline:
      • Innervates immune organs (lymph node, thymus, spleen, bone marrow).
      • Releases NE in close proximity to immune cells.
      • Leukocytes express a and b adrenergic receptors.
    • Cortisol:
      • Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation.
      • Inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines.
      • Shifts from Th1 to Th2 cell.

    Individual Differences and the Immune System

    • Age
    • Disease Status
    • Gender
    • Personality
    • Emotions
    • Coping strategies

    Prenatal Exposure to Stress and Immune Function

    • Diminished cytokine response of leukocytes in rhesus monkeys.
    • Altered lymphocyte count in male mice and adrenal hypertrophy was observed in female mice.

    Immune Function and Stress

    • Interaction of all the systems: Psychoneuroimmunology.
    • Investigations of the bidirectional linkages between the CNS, the endocrine system, and the immune system, and the clinical implications of these linkages.

    Studies

    • Stress and effects on the aging immune system:
      • Stress mimics, intensifies, accelerates, and changes the functionality of cells.
      • Decrease telomere function and length.
    • Intensified effects of aging on the immune system:
      • Age and chronic stress interact to predict responses to influenza vaccine.
      • Caregivers and well-matched controls found main effect of stress.
    • Accelerated effects of aging on the immune system:
      • Stress may accelerate the effects of aging on inflammation.
      • Average caregiver experienced a 4-time increase in IL-6.
      • Among those caregivers, participants who were older than 75 had levels of IL-6 that made them at risk for disease.
      • Average non-caregiver participant would not reach this until the age of 90.
    • HIV/AIDS
    • Cancer
    • Cold
    • Flu
    • Herpes
    • Recovery injury (wound healing)
    • Infection

    Cancer and Stress

    • Chronic stress may disregulate DNA repair and regulation of cell growth, processes that have been shown to be major factors in tumor formation.
    • Suppressing effect of chronic stress on the immune system also impacts the recovery period after surgery.

    Growth, Spread, and Recovery

    • Chronic stress seems to promote tumor growth and angiogenesis.
    • More support for the strong interaction between chronic stress and cancer growth than between chronic stress and cancer development in humans.### Immune System and Wound Repair
    • Neuroendocrine and immune function are relevant to wound repair.
    • The immune system plays a key role in the early wound repair process.
    • If the immune system is less efficient, it leads to slower healing.

    Study: Emotional Disclosure Intervention

    • Participants who wrote about traumatic events had significantly smaller wounds 14 and 21 days after the biopsy compared to those who wrote about time management.
    • People with a therapeutic way to deal with stress give their immune system a boost, leading to faster healing.

    Study: Stress, Cortisol Levels, and Wound Healing

    • Low levels of cytokines at the site of the wound were found in participants with high levels of cortisol (= stress).
    • The slower healing group showed higher stress levels, lower optimism, and higher cortisol compared to the faster healing group.

    Immune System Overview

    • Immunity: the ability of the body to fight infection and/or foreign invaders by producing antibodies (lymphocytes) or killing infected cells (natural killer cells).
    • Immune System: the system in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful from non-harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response.

    Components of the Immune System

    • Pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, or other living things that cause disease/immune response.
    • Antigens: Toxins that pathogens produce, which cause harm to an organism.
    • B cells create antibodies, and T cells recognize the antigens for B cells to recognize them.
    • Natural killer cells: lymphocytes with no specific memory (i.e., killing machines).

    Defense Mechanisms

    • First line of defense: The skin provides physical and chemical barriers.
    • Second line of defense: Non-specific immune response, including phagocytosis and the role of macrophages.

    Types of Immunity

    • Active Immunity: immunity where the body actively produces antibodies to fight infection, such as through vaccination.
    • Passive Immunity: immunity where antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal, which only lasts for a short period.

    Autoimmune Disease and Allergies

    • Autoimmune disease: diseases where the immune system begins to attack itself, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, and Multiple Sclerosis.
    • Allergy: an exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen, which can cause an allergic reaction.

    Interaction of Systems

    • Psychoneuroimmunology: the bidirectional linkages between the CNS, the endocrine system, and the immune system, and the clinical implications of these linkages.

    Noradrenaline and Cortisol

    • Noradrenaline (NE) and epinephrine (E) can influence leukocyte activity and alter lymphocyte function.
    • Cortisol has the effect of inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and can shift from Th1 to Th2 cell responses.

    Immune Response to Stress

    • Exposure to acute stressors leads to the redistribution of immune cells and an increase in innate, non-specific immunity.
    • Exposure to short-term stressors alters specific immunity, while exposure to chronic stressors decreases both Th1 cellular and Th2 humoral immune responses.

    Individual Differences and the Immune System

    • Age, disease status, gender, personality, emotions, and coping strategies can influence the immune system's response to stress.

    Prenatal Exposure to Stress and Immune Function

    • Prenatal exposure to stress can lead to diminished cytokine responses and altered lymphocyte counts in offspring.

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    Immune Function and Stress PDF

    Description

    Explore the immune system, its role in fighting infections, producing antibodies, and recognizing harmful organisms. Learn about the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and respond to foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria.

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