Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of inflammation is characterized by an exudate with strands and flecks of fibrin, often associated with a more significant inflammatory response compared to a watery fluid?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by an exudate with strands and flecks of fibrin, often associated with a more significant inflammatory response compared to a watery fluid?
- Suppurative inflammation
- Fibrinous inflammation
- Serous inflammation
- Serofibrinous inflammation (correct)
What characteristics define mucoid or catarrhal inflammation?
What characteristics define mucoid or catarrhal inflammation?
- An excess outpouring of mucus and epithelial debris, often found in respiratory or alimentary tracts. (correct)
- A thick, creamy-white exudate composed mainly of dead neutrophils.
- A straw-colored fluid with an increase in cells and protein that clots on air exposure.
- White, flaky material that is often adherent to the tissue surface.
Which of the following best describes diphtheritic inflammation?
Which of the following best describes diphtheritic inflammation?
- Characterized by the presence of serous fluid with a red tinge.
- Characterized by large numbers of dead and dying neutrophils and necrotic tissue debris.
- Characterized by a predominance of mononuclear cells
- Characterized by a sticky, yellow-brown exudate forming a false membrane on the underlying surface. (correct)
Which of the following inflammatory types is characterized by increased numbers of red blood cells, causing the affected tissue to appear in varying shades of dull red, and is associated with significant damage to blood vessels?
Which of the following inflammatory types is characterized by increased numbers of red blood cells, causing the affected tissue to appear in varying shades of dull red, and is associated with significant damage to blood vessels?
What primary process distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
What primary process distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?
Fibrosis, a common feature of chronic lesions, leads to what change in tissue appearance and texture?
Fibrosis, a common feature of chronic lesions, leads to what change in tissue appearance and texture?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of chronic inflammation?
What is the role of fibrosis in chronic abscessation?
What is the role of fibrosis in chronic abscessation?
What is the likely consequence if a chronic abscess ruptures into a blood vessel?
What is the likely consequence if a chronic abscess ruptures into a blood vessel?
Which of the following best defines a key feature of granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following best defines a key feature of granulomatous inflammation?
What indicates the presence of pyogranulomatous inflammation instead of granulomatous inflammation?
What indicates the presence of pyogranulomatous inflammation instead of granulomatous inflammation?
What is the significance of identifying Langhans giant cells in tissue samples?
What is the significance of identifying Langhans giant cells in tissue samples?
What are the main characteristics of chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis, also known as Johne's disease, in ruminants?
What are the main characteristics of chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis, also known as Johne's disease, in ruminants?
Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of lesions associated with Chlamydia?
Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of lesions associated with Chlamydia?
What is a primary feature of serous inflammation?
What is a primary feature of serous inflammation?
Which of the following distinguishes suppurative inflammation from other types of inflammation?
Which of the following distinguishes suppurative inflammation from other types of inflammation?
In chronic inflammation, the presence of plasma cells in a lesion typically indicates that the lesion is at least how old?
In chronic inflammation, the presence of plasma cells in a lesion typically indicates that the lesion is at least how old?
What factors influence whether a chronic abscess will rupture?
What factors influence whether a chronic abscess will rupture?
What cell types are commonly seen in chronic inflammation?
What cell types are commonly seen in chronic inflammation?
Which bacteria does Koch identified when he revolutionized our understanding of infectious diseases?
Which bacteria does Koch identified when he revolutionized our understanding of infectious diseases?
Which one of the following features is associated with the gross pathology of chronic lesions?
Which one of the following features is associated with the gross pathology of chronic lesions?
What are some of the general characteristics of suppurative / purulent inflammation?
What are some of the general characteristics of suppurative / purulent inflammation?
What common feature can contribute to chronic inflammation?
What common feature can contribute to chronic inflammation?
An animal presents with a low-grade, persistent tissue injury that has been ongoing for several years. Microscopic examination reveals cellular proliferation but minimal hyperaemia or fluid exudation. Which type of inflammation is most likely occurring?
An animal presents with a low-grade, persistent tissue injury that has been ongoing for several years. Microscopic examination reveals cellular proliferation but minimal hyperaemia or fluid exudation. Which type of inflammation is most likely occurring?
In tissues affected by chronic inflammation, why might the affected areas appear pale and firm?
In tissues affected by chronic inflammation, why might the affected areas appear pale and firm?
What is a common term-ending to indicate inflammation?
What is a common term-ending to indicate inflammation?
What two conditions may result from the fibrous capsule and degree of suppurative center in an abscess?
What two conditions may result from the fibrous capsule and degree of suppurative center in an abscess?
Which of the following conditions is an example of granulomatous inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Which of the following conditions is an example of granulomatous inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
What is the underlying immune process that results in the formation of granulomas?
What is the underlying immune process that results in the formation of granulomas?
Which of the following bacteria is most commonly known to cause "wooden tongue" in cattle?
Which of the following bacteria is most commonly known to cause "wooden tongue" in cattle?
What is the primary etiological agent responsible for "lumpy jaw" in cattle?
What is the primary etiological agent responsible for "lumpy jaw" in cattle?
What is a common disease resulting from granulomatous inflammation?
What is a common disease resulting from granulomatous inflammation?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a predominance of lymphocytes and plasma cells?
Which type of inflammation is characterized by a predominance of lymphocytes and plasma cells?
What is the typical host response to bacteria that multiply only within eukaryotic cells?
What is the typical host response to bacteria that multiply only within eukaryotic cells?
Which bacterial agent is responsible for Chlamydiosis?
Which bacterial agent is responsible for Chlamydiosis?
An avian necropsy reveals splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, enteritis, polyserositis, and conjunctivitis. Which of the following agents is most likely responsible for these findings?
An avian necropsy reveals splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, enteritis, polyserositis, and conjunctivitis. Which of the following agents is most likely responsible for these findings?
Which test is most commonly used to diagnosis Chlamydiosis in live animals??
Which test is most commonly used to diagnosis Chlamydiosis in live animals??
What are some typical signs in birds infected with Chlamydia??
What are some typical signs in birds infected with Chlamydia??
Which of the following best describes the role of fibrin in fibrinous inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the role of fibrin in fibrinous inflammation?
What is the primary source of the viscous nature of exudate seen in mucoid or catarrhal inflammation?
What is the primary source of the viscous nature of exudate seen in mucoid or catarrhal inflammation?
How does haemorrhagic inflammation distinctly manifest in affected tissues?
How does haemorrhagic inflammation distinctly manifest in affected tissues?
What best describes the formation of the 'false membrane' characteristic of diphtheritic inflammation?
What best describes the formation of the 'false membrane' characteristic of diphtheritic inflammation?
What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation regarding the presence of hyperaemia and fluid exudation?
What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation regarding the presence of hyperaemia and fluid exudation?
What are the three main features of chronic inflammation?
What are the three main features of chronic inflammation?
How does fibrosis affect the gross appearance of tissues affected by chronic lesions?
How does fibrosis affect the gross appearance of tissues affected by chronic lesions?
Fibrous encapsulation is equal to what?
Fibrous encapsulation is equal to what?
What is the likely progression of events in a chronic abscess that contains liquefaction and bacterial fermentation?
What is the likely progression of events in a chronic abscess that contains liquefaction and bacterial fermentation?
In cases where an abscess ruptures into a blood vessel, what is the most severe potential consequence?
In cases where an abscess ruptures into a blood vessel, what is the most severe potential consequence?
How does the predominance of macrophages influence the classification of granulomatous inflammation?
How does the predominance of macrophages influence the classification of granulomatous inflammation?
What is the key cellular component that distinguishes pyogranulomatous inflammation from granulomatous inflammation?
What is the key cellular component that distinguishes pyogranulomatous inflammation from granulomatous inflammation?
What characteristic feature is associated with a laminated layers of fibrous encapsulation & inspissated pus?
What characteristic feature is associated with a laminated layers of fibrous encapsulation & inspissated pus?
What types of cells are considered mononuclear?
What types of cells are considered mononuclear?
In serous inflammation, what happens when the fluid is tinged with blood?
In serous inflammation, what happens when the fluid is tinged with blood?
Why can abscesses be both beneficial and detrimental to the host?
Why can abscesses be both beneficial and detrimental to the host?
Which of the following best describes how resolution occurs following acute inflammation?
Which of the following best describes how resolution occurs following acute inflammation?
How does the host typically respond to bacteria that multiply only within eukaryotic cells?
How does the host typically respond to bacteria that multiply only within eukaryotic cells?
What is the role of soluble antimicrobial substances in mucoid or catarrhal inflammation?
What is the role of soluble antimicrobial substances in mucoid or catarrhal inflammation?
Which type of pericarditis is associated with 'bread and butter' exudates?
Which type of pericarditis is associated with 'bread and butter' exudates?
What does the presence of plasma cells typically indicate about a chronic lesion?
What does the presence of plasma cells typically indicate about a chronic lesion?
Which feature is MOST likely to be observed on gross pathology of chronic lesions?
Which feature is MOST likely to be observed on gross pathology of chronic lesions?
What is the primary component of pus in suppurative or purulent inflammation?
What is the primary component of pus in suppurative or purulent inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the composition of the exudate in suppurative inflammation?
Which of the following best describes the composition of the exudate in suppurative inflammation?
What is a key distinction between 'Obligate' and 'Facultative' intracellular bacteria?
What is a key distinction between 'Obligate' and 'Facultative' intracellular bacteria?
What type of acute inflammation is characterized by fluid similar to serum with an increase in in cells and protein and clots on exposure to air?
What type of acute inflammation is characterized by fluid similar to serum with an increase in in cells and protein and clots on exposure to air?
What is the primary process by which chronic inflammation develops from unresolved acute inflammation?
What is the primary process by which chronic inflammation develops from unresolved acute inflammation?
Which of the following is a charactistic of Mucoid / Catarrhal Inflammation?
Which of the following is a charactistic of Mucoid / Catarrhal Inflammation?
What refers to 'Suppurative, Purulent, Pustular, Neutrophilic' chronic inflammation?
What refers to 'Suppurative, Purulent, Pustular, Neutrophilic' chronic inflammation?
Bovine actinobacillosis is associated with what inflammatory condition?
Bovine actinobacillosis is associated with what inflammatory condition?
What is the best description of where Mucoid / Catarrhal Inflammation occurs?
What is the best description of where Mucoid / Catarrhal Inflammation occurs?
If neutrophiles are also present in Granulomatous Inflammation it is called?
If neutrophiles are also present in Granulomatous Inflammation it is called?
What best describes Healing by repair following acute inflammation?
What best describes Healing by repair following acute inflammation?
What is the description of gross descriptor Diphtheritic
What is the description of gross descriptor Diphtheritic
Which of the following terms best describes inflammation when macrophages predominate and are disseminated throughout the lesion?
Which of the following terms best describes inflammation when macrophages predominate and are disseminated throughout the lesion?
What is the most severe potential consequence of bacteria released from ruptured pulmonary?
What is the most severe potential consequence of bacteria released from ruptured pulmonary?
What is the purpose of Abscesses in the host?
What is the purpose of Abscesses in the host?
What type of inflammatory cell is related to Lymphoplasmacytic?
What type of inflammatory cell is related to Lymphoplasmacytic?
Name a cause of Chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis
Name a cause of Chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis
What kind of bacteria is Corynebacterium?
What kind of bacteria is Corynebacterium?
What diseases falls under granulomas?
What diseases falls under granulomas?
How does serofibrinous inflammation differ from serous inflammation?
How does serofibrinous inflammation differ from serous inflammation?
In the context of fibrinous inflammation, what role does fibrin deposition play in the affected tissue?
In the context of fibrinous inflammation, what role does fibrin deposition play in the affected tissue?
How do the environmental conditions within an abscess potentially counteract the host's immune response?
How do the environmental conditions within an abscess potentially counteract the host's immune response?
How does the gross pathology of chronic lesions differ from that of acute lesions, particularly concerning tissue texture and appearance?
How does the gross pathology of chronic lesions differ from that of acute lesions, particularly concerning tissue texture and appearance?
What is the significance of identifying acid-fast bacteria within macrophages during histological examination?
What is the significance of identifying acid-fast bacteria within macrophages during histological examination?
During the pathogenesis of Chlamydiosis, what cellular mechanisms does Chlamydia utilize to ensure its survival and replication within the host cell?
During the pathogenesis of Chlamydiosis, what cellular mechanisms does Chlamydia utilize to ensure its survival and replication within the host cell?
In the context of chronic inflammation, how does fibrous encapsulation contribute to the persistence of a lesion?
In the context of chronic inflammation, how does fibrous encapsulation contribute to the persistence of a lesion?
What feature is associated with a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection?
What feature is associated with a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection?
How does the cellular composition typically differ between granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation?
How does the cellular composition typically differ between granulomatous and pyogranulomatous inflammation?
How does chronic inflammation typically differ from acute inflammation in terms of vascular changes?
How does chronic inflammation typically differ from acute inflammation in terms of vascular changes?
Flashcards
Serous Inflammation
Serous Inflammation
A response involving serous fluid, with increased cells and protein; often straw-colored and clots on air exposure.
Serofibrinous Inflammation
Serofibrinous Inflammation
Similar to serous inflammation but containing strands and flecks of fibrin.
Fibrinous Inflammation
Fibrinous Inflammation
Fibrin deposits are often white, flaky, and adherent to the tissue, sometimes described as "bread and butter" exudates.
Mucoid/Catarrhal Inflammation
Mucoid/Catarrhal Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Haemorrhagic Inflammation
Haemorrhagic Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suppurative / Purulent Inflammation
Suppurative / Purulent Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diphtheritic Inflammation
Diphtheritic Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Abscess
Abscess
Signup and view all the flashcards
Granulomatous Inflammation
Granulomatous Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pyogranulomatous Inflammation
Pyogranulomatous Inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Actinobacillus lignieresii
Signup and view all the flashcards
Actinomyces bovis
Actinomyces bovis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chlamydia psittaci
Chlamydia psittaci
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Inflammation can be acute or chronic
Acute Inflammation
- Serous
- Serofibrinous
- Fibrinous
- Haemorrhagic
- Suppurative/Purulent
- Mucoid/Catarrhal
- Diphtheritic
- Termed 'Exudative'.
Chronic Inflammation
- Granulomatous
- Pyogranulomatous
- Lymphocytic
- Lymphoplasmacytic
- Termed 'Proliferative'
Terminology
- Add '-itis' to the end of a term to denote inflammation.
- Stomatitis
- Glossitis
- Dermatitis
- Pancreatitis
- Otitis externa, media and/or interna
- Ophthalmitis, uveitis, retinitis and/or keratitis
- Pharyngitis
- Encephalitis
- Ingluvitis
- Gastritis
- Myocarditis
- Pleuritis
Serous Inflammation
- Features serous fluid (serum) with an increase in cells and protein
- Straw coloured
- Clots on exposure to air
- Present in serous cavities
- Is the initial exudate in most inflammatory lesions
- Promotes dilution and facilitates migration
- Serosanguineous is serous inflammation tinged with blood
Serofibrinous
- Similar to serous inflammation
- Contains strands and flecks of fibrin
- Associated with a greater inflammatory response
Fibrinous Inflammation
- Fibrin deposits are white and flaky, often adherent to the tissue
- Produces "bread and butter" exudates
- Localizes the lesion and is a scaffold for cell migration and healing
- May be so severe that it is more dangerous than the initial injury, like in fibrinous pericarditis
Mucoid / Catarrhal Inflammation
- An excess outpouring of mucus and epithelial debris from mucous membranes
- Occurs in respiratory or alimentary tracts
- Viscous and often pale yellow in color
- Contains soluble antimicrobial substances
- Stimulates cilia
Haemorrhagic Inflammation
- Marked by increased numbers of red blood cells
- Appears in varying shades of dull red
- Is associated with inflammation and extensive damage to blood vessels
Suppurative / Purulent Inflammation
- Consists of an exudate with many dead and dying neutrophils, plus necrotic tissue debris, liquefied by the neutrophils
- Pus = dead neutrophils
- Often the result of bacterial infections
- Thick, creamy-white color
- Can also be yellow, green or brown
Diphtheritic Inflammation
- A gross descriptor
- Characterized by sticky, yellow-brown exudate adherent to the underlying surface, forming a false membrane
- Results from fibrin exudation mixing with necrosis of the surface, usually a mucous membrane
- Also known as pseudomembranous
Chronic Inflammation
- Can result from unresolved acute inflammation
- May also result from a slow, smoldering insult without a typical "acute phase", such as mycobacterial infections
- Characterized as proliferative
- A chronic reaction involves low-grade tissue injury over a long period of time
- Does not typically contain hyperaemia and fluid exudation as a primary feature
- Cellular proliferation is often prominent
Three main features of chronic inflammation
- Accumulations of infiltrating leukocytes
- Proliferation of granulation tissue
- Proliferation of parenchyma
- Concurrent attempts at healing (regeneration, repair) coexisting with inflammation
- Fibrous encapsulation = sequestration
Gross Pathology of Chronic Lesions
- Areas of swelling, thickening, and/or nodularity
- Fibrosis results in pale and firm areas
- Cellular infiltration and proliferation lead to areas appearing pale with variable texture (firm to soft)
- Concurrent tissue loss causes the organ to appear irregular and possibly shrunken
Chronic Inflammation Cell Types
- The predominant cell types are mononuclear: macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts
- Other inflammatory cells may also be present (neutrophils & eosinophils)
- Plasma cells are present if the lesion is at least 2 weeks old
Abscessation
- Characterized by a sequestered suppurative exudate in tissues, called an abscess
- Most bacterial invaders are killed intracellularly by leukocytes
- Lytic action from trapped, dying neutrophils produces a liquid (thick, yellow-brown, foul-smelling) known as pus
- Abscesses protect the host by walling off the agent
- They may also benefit the infecting organism by providing favorable environmental conditions such as low pH and low O2 tension
- These conditions decreases neutrophil functional ability and interferes with antibiotic penetration
Abscess Capsules
- Fibrosis walls off a lesion that undergoes concurrent healing/repair and inflammation (collagen deposition)
- Ongoing liquefaction and bacterial fermentation (gas) results in increased internal pressure
- The strength of the fibrous capsule, and the intensity of the suppurative center determines whether the lesion ruptures
- Rupture onto a surface (e.g. skin) may relieve pressure and enable fibrosis to resolve the lesion
- Rupture into a vessel may lead to bacteraemia, septicaemia, or death
Granulomatous Inflammation
- If macrophages predominate in sheets or are disseminated throughout a lesion, it is termed granulomatous or histiocytic inflammation
- If neutrophils are also present it is called pyogranuloma formation and pyogranulomatous inflammation
Granulomas
- Tubercle (Latin, small nodule/eminence)
- Tuberculosis: Appears as many small nodules
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (humans) & M. bovis, cause "consumption"
Koch's Postulates
- Established by Robert Koch's work on tuberculosis
- The identified organism must (1) be present in all cases of the disease, (2) be isolated from diseased patients, (3) cause disease when reintroduced to a healthy susceptible animal model, and (4) then be isolated again from the new host.
Chronic Inflammation: Cell type association
- Neutrophils are associated with suppurative, purulent, pustular and neutrophilic inflammation
- Macrophages are associated with granulomatous and histiocytic inflammation
- Lymphocytes are associated with lymphocytic inflammation
- Lymphocytes & plasma cells are associated with lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
- Eosinophils are associated with eosinophilic, pustular and suppurative inflammation
- Neutrophils and macrophages are associated with pyogranulomatous inflammation
Examples of Infections
- Actinobacillus lignieresii causes chronic glossitis in cattle
- Actinomyces bovis causes mandibular osteomyelitis in cattle
- Aspergillus terreus, in German Shepherd dogs
- Johne's disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) causes granulomatous jejunitis & typhlodicliditis
Chlamydiosis
- Caused by Chlamydia psittaci
- Can manifest as chlamydiosis in birds and psittacosis in humans
- Commonly affects respiratory, ocular, hepatic & GIT systems
- May result in sudden death
- Other signs; Sinusitis, conjunctivitis, Sneezing, Serous oculonasal discharge, Dyspnoea, tail-bobbing, Green droppings, Anorexia & weightloss
- Commonly causes splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, enteritis, polyserositis, and/or conjunctivitis
- Diagnosed using choanal & cloacal Ag screening, ELISA, PCR
- May also be diagnosed using necropsy spleen & liver impression smears and/or fluorescent antibody test (FAT)
Intracellular Bacteria
- Facultative intracellular bacteria include; Pathogenic Staphylococcus, Rhodococcus equi, Corynebacterium sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium sp., Salmonella enterica, Brucella sp.
- Obligate intracellular bacteria include; Lawsonia intracellularis, Rickettsia sp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia sp., Chlamydophila sp and Mycoplasma sp.
- Obligate bacteria multiply only within eukaryotic cells
- Facultative bacteria survive intracellularly or extracellularly
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
