IGCSE ICT Flashcards on Hardware

Hardware Overview

• Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.

Internal Hardware Devices

• Key internal devices include:
  • Processor (CPU): Acts as the brain of the computer, controlling processes and data movement.
  • Motherboard: Central hub for communication between all components.
  • Random Access Memory (RAM): Volatile memory that holds currently used information; data is lost when power is off.
  • Read Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory that stores essential instructions, retaining data even when power is off.
  • Video Card: Facilitates image display on monitors.
  • Sound Card: Converts analog data to digital for sound processing.
  • Internal Hard Disk Drive: Stores long-term data, programs, and acts as backup.

External Hardware

• Includes input devices (to enter data), output devices (to display data), and peripheral devices (non-essential hardware connected externally).

Software Overview

• Software refers to programs that control computer operations and data processing.
• Two main types:
  • Applications Software: Specific programs for tasks like word processing and spreadsheets.
  • Systems Software: Comprises the files and programs necessary for the computer's operation.

Storage Types

• Secondary/Backing Storage: Not constantly accessible but used for long-term data retention.

Operating System Functions

• Manages computer resources, enabling communication between components.
• Types include Command Line Interface (CLI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI).

Command Line Interface (CLI)

• Users input commands via text; efficient but complex.
• Advantages:
  • Direct interaction with the computer.
  • Wide range of commands available.
  • Low resource requirements.
• Disadvantages:
  • Requires memory of complex commands.
  • High potential for errors due to typing.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Users interact through graphical elements like windows and icons; easier to use but resource-intensive.
• Advantages:
  • Simple, quick command input.
  • Lower chance of errors.
• Disadvantages:
  • Limited command options.
  • Higher demand for system resources.

Types of Computers

• Include:
  • Personal Computers: Common in homes and offices.
  • Laptops: Portable with built-in screens.
  • Tablet Computers: Touchscreen devices, highly portable.
  • Smart Phones: Multifunctional mobile devices.

Personal Computers Categories

• Standalone PC: Utilized individually, independent of other systems.
• Networked PC: Connected to a network for resource sharing.