Questions and Answers
What is a hydrocarbon?
Carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
What are the characteristics of a homologous series?
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms within a molecule that causes the molecule to react in a specific way.
What is an isomer?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of reaction is represented by A + B -----> C?
Signup and view all the answers
What is crude oil?
Signup and view all the answers
How is crude oil separated?
Signup and view all the answers
What are fractions crude?
Signup and view all the answers
What is boiling point?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do longer hydrocarbon chains have higher boiling points than shorter hydrocarbon chains?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the boiling point of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the boiling point of the fractions of crude oil change going up the column?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the color of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
Signup and view all the answers
What is viscosity?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the viscosity of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
Signup and view all the answers
What is fuel?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the products of complete combustion?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is required for incomplete combustion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gas from the combustion of hydrocarbons is poisonous?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor allows nitrogen and oxygen to react in car engines?
Signup and view all the answers
Name an environmental problem related to nitrogen oxides.
Signup and view all the answers
Name an environmental problem related to sulphur oxides.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the sulfur product formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons containing impurities such as sulphur?
Signup and view all the answers
What conditions are needed for cracking?
Signup and view all the answers
Cracking converts ____ chain alkanes into ____ chain alkanes and alkenes.
Signup and view all the answers
Cracking produces a shorter alkane and an ___?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is cracking important?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general formula for alkanes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the required condition for the reaction CH4 + Cl2 ---> CH3Cl + HCl?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the functional group of alkenes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general formula for alkenes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Signup and view all the answers
What test can be used to determine saturation in hydrocarbons?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula of bromine water?
Signup and view all the answers
What chemical test can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the functional group of alcohols?
Signup and view all the answers
What is microbial oxidation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an advantage of fermentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of fermentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an advantage of the hydration of ethene?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of the hydration of ethene?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the fermentation of glucose produce?
Signup and view all the answers
What conditions are needed for oxidation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the carboxylic acid functional group?
Signup and view all the answers
What carboxylic acid does vinegar contain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the functional group of esters?
Signup and view all the answers
What catalyst is used in esterification reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the properties of esters?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some uses of esters?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a monomer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a polymer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of burning polymers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a disadvantage of landfill disposal for polymers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a biopolyester?
Signup and view all the answers
What is condensation polymerization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a diol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a dicarboxylic acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What two chemicals are needed to make a polyester?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for heat given out?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for heat taken in?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to temperature during an exothermic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to temperature during an endothermic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a positive enthalpy change mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a negative enthalpy change mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the equation for heat energy change?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the equation for molar enthalpy change?
Signup and view all the answers
Is bond breaking exothermic or endothermic?
Signup and view all the answers
Is making bonds exothermic or endothermic?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the equation for enthalpy change using bond energies?
Signup and view all the answers
Increasing the surface area of a solid affects the rate of reaction how?
Signup and view all the answers
Powder reactants react faster than lumps.
Signup and view all the answers
Increasing the concentration of solutions affects the rate of reaction how?
Signup and view all the answers
Increasing the pressure of reacting gases affects the rate of reaction how?
Signup and view all the answers
Increasing the temperature affects the rate of reaction how?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does increasing concentration increase the rate of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does increasing pressure increase the rate of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does increasing surface area increase the rate of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a catalyst?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does adding a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the symbol ⇌ mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What would you observe in the reversible reaction: CuSO4.5H2O ⇌ CuSO4 + 5H2O?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is needed for a reaction to reach dynamic equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two characteristics of a dynamic equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does a catalyst not affect the position of equilibrium?
Signup and view all the answers
Increasing temperature favors which type of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Decreasing temperature favors which type of reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Increasing pressure favors the side with what?
Signup and view all the answers
Decreasing pressure favors the side with what?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the test for oxygen gas?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the test for carbon dioxide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the test for ammonia gas?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the test for chlorine gas?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of group 1 elements?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the reactivity of group 1 elements change?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Hydrocarbons
- Composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Homologous Series
- Features similar chemical properties and physical property trends.
- Defined by a common functional group.
Functional Groups and Isomerism
- Functional groups determine the reactivity of organic molecules.
- Isomers share the same molecular formula but have different structural arrangements.
Reactions and Distillation
- An addition reaction is represented as A + B → C.
- Crude oil is separated through fractional distillation, isolating hydrocarbon fractions with similar boiling points.
Boiling Points and Viscosity
- Longer hydrocarbon chains exhibit higher boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.
- Viscosity refers to a substance's resistance to flow; in crude oil fractions, viscosity increases down the column.
Combustion Products
- Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water.
- Incomplete combustion yields carbon monoxide or carbon and water, occurring in limited oxygen supply.
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Combustion
- Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas formed during combustion.
- Nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides contribute to acid rain, posing environmental issues.
Cracking and Alkanes
- Cracking converts long-chain alkanes into shorter ones and alkenes, useful for meeting demand.
- Catalysts like alumina and silica are used at high temperatures (650ºC).
Saturation and Functional Groups
- Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons characterized by single bonds. General formula: CnH2n+2.
- Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond (C=C). General formula: CnH2n.
Testing for Unsaturation
- Bromine water changes color from orange to colorless in the presence of alkenes, distinguishing them from alkanes.
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
- Alcohols have the functional group (-OH).
- Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is a common carboxylic acid with the functional group (COOH).
Esterification and Polyesters
- Esters are formed by reacting an alcohol and a carboxylic acid with a sulfuric acid catalyst.
- Biopolyesters are environmentally friendly due to their biodegradable properties.
Energy Changes in Reactions
- Exothermic reactions release heat and lead to temperature increases; endothermic reactions absorb heat and decrease temperature.
Reaction Rates
- Increasing surface area, concentration, temperature, or pressure accelerates reaction rates due to more frequent successful collisions.
- Catalysts lower activation energy, promoting faster reactions without altering equilibrium positions.
Dynamic Equilibrium
- Achieved in a closed system where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, with constant concentrations.
- Temperature, pressure, and concentration shifts influence equilibrium favoring either exothermic or endothermic reactions.
Gas Tests
- Oxygen relights a glowing splint; carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy; ammonia turns damp red litmus paper blue; chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper.
Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements
- Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals and exhibit increased reactivity down the group.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of essential chemistry terms with our IGCSE Edexcel flashcards. Each card presents a key definition, helping you understand foundational concepts in chemistry. Perfect for revision or brushing up on important definitions!