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Questions and Answers
What is a hydrocarbon?
What is a hydrocarbon?
Carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
What are the characteristics of a homologous series?
What are the characteristics of a homologous series?
- Similar chemical properties
- Trend in physical properties
- Same functional group
- All of the above (correct)
What is a functional group?
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms within a molecule that causes the molecule to react in a specific way.
What is an isomer?
What is an isomer?
What type of reaction is represented by A + B -----> C?
What type of reaction is represented by A + B -----> C?
What is crude oil?
What is crude oil?
How is crude oil separated?
How is crude oil separated?
What are fractions crude?
What are fractions crude?
What is boiling point?
What is boiling point?
Why do longer hydrocarbon chains have higher boiling points than shorter hydrocarbon chains?
Why do longer hydrocarbon chains have higher boiling points than shorter hydrocarbon chains?
How does the boiling point of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
How does the boiling point of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
How does the boiling point of the fractions of crude oil change going up the column?
How does the boiling point of the fractions of crude oil change going up the column?
How does the color of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
How does the color of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
What is viscosity?
What is viscosity?
How does the viscosity of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
How does the viscosity of the fractions of crude oil change going down the column?
What is fuel?
What is fuel?
What are the products of complete combustion?
What are the products of complete combustion?
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
What condition is required for incomplete combustion?
What condition is required for incomplete combustion?
Which gas from the combustion of hydrocarbons is poisonous?
Which gas from the combustion of hydrocarbons is poisonous?
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
What factor allows nitrogen and oxygen to react in car engines?
What factor allows nitrogen and oxygen to react in car engines?
Name an environmental problem related to nitrogen oxides.
Name an environmental problem related to nitrogen oxides.
Name an environmental problem related to sulphur oxides.
Name an environmental problem related to sulphur oxides.
What is the sulfur product formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons containing impurities such as sulphur?
What is the sulfur product formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons containing impurities such as sulphur?
What conditions are needed for cracking?
What conditions are needed for cracking?
Cracking converts ____ chain alkanes into ____ chain alkanes and alkenes.
Cracking converts ____ chain alkanes into ____ chain alkanes and alkenes.
Cracking produces a shorter alkane and an ___?
Cracking produces a shorter alkane and an ___?
Why is cracking important?
Why is cracking important?
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
What is the required condition for the reaction CH4 + Cl2 ---> CH3Cl + HCl?
What is the required condition for the reaction CH4 + Cl2 ---> CH3Cl + HCl?
What is the functional group of alkenes?
What is the functional group of alkenes?
What is the general formula for alkenes?
What is the general formula for alkenes?
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
What test can be used to determine saturation in hydrocarbons?
What test can be used to determine saturation in hydrocarbons?
What is the formula of bromine water?
What is the formula of bromine water?
What chemical test can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?
What chemical test can be used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?
What is the functional group of alcohols?
What is the functional group of alcohols?
What is microbial oxidation?
What is microbial oxidation?
What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose?
What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose?
What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?
What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?
What is an advantage of fermentation?
What is an advantage of fermentation?
What is a disadvantage of fermentation?
What is a disadvantage of fermentation?
What is an advantage of the hydration of ethene?
What is an advantage of the hydration of ethene?
What is a disadvantage of the hydration of ethene?
What is a disadvantage of the hydration of ethene?
What does the fermentation of glucose produce?
What does the fermentation of glucose produce?
What conditions are needed for oxidation?
What conditions are needed for oxidation?
What is the carboxylic acid functional group?
What is the carboxylic acid functional group?
What carboxylic acid does vinegar contain?
What carboxylic acid does vinegar contain?
What is the functional group of esters?
What is the functional group of esters?
What catalyst is used in esterification reactions?
What catalyst is used in esterification reactions?
What are the properties of esters?
What are the properties of esters?
What are some uses of esters?
What are some uses of esters?
What is a monomer?
What is a monomer?
What is a polymer?
What is a polymer?
What is a disadvantage of burning polymers?
What is a disadvantage of burning polymers?
What is a disadvantage of landfill disposal for polymers?
What is a disadvantage of landfill disposal for polymers?
What is a biopolyester?
What is a biopolyester?
What is condensation polymerization?
What is condensation polymerization?
What is a diol?
What is a diol?
What is a dicarboxylic acid?
What is a dicarboxylic acid?
What two chemicals are needed to make a polyester?
What two chemicals are needed to make a polyester?
What is the term for heat given out?
What is the term for heat given out?
What is the term for heat taken in?
What is the term for heat taken in?
What happens to temperature during an exothermic reaction?
What happens to temperature during an exothermic reaction?
What happens to temperature during an endothermic reaction?
What happens to temperature during an endothermic reaction?
What does a positive enthalpy change mean?
What does a positive enthalpy change mean?
What does a negative enthalpy change mean?
What does a negative enthalpy change mean?
What is the equation for heat energy change?
What is the equation for heat energy change?
What is the equation for molar enthalpy change?
What is the equation for molar enthalpy change?
Is bond breaking exothermic or endothermic?
Is bond breaking exothermic or endothermic?
Is making bonds exothermic or endothermic?
Is making bonds exothermic or endothermic?
What is the equation for enthalpy change using bond energies?
What is the equation for enthalpy change using bond energies?
Increasing the surface area of a solid affects the rate of reaction how?
Increasing the surface area of a solid affects the rate of reaction how?
Powder reactants react faster than lumps.
Powder reactants react faster than lumps.
Increasing the concentration of solutions affects the rate of reaction how?
Increasing the concentration of solutions affects the rate of reaction how?
Increasing the pressure of reacting gases affects the rate of reaction how?
Increasing the pressure of reacting gases affects the rate of reaction how?
Increasing the temperature affects the rate of reaction how?
Increasing the temperature affects the rate of reaction how?
Why does increasing concentration increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing concentration increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing pressure increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing pressure increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing surface area increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing surface area increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction?
Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction?
What is a catalyst?
What is a catalyst?
Why does adding a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
Why does adding a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
What does the symbol ⇌ mean?
What does the symbol ⇌ mean?
What would you observe in the reversible reaction: CuSO4.5H2O ⇌ CuSO4 + 5H2O?
What would you observe in the reversible reaction: CuSO4.5H2O ⇌ CuSO4 + 5H2O?
What condition is needed for a reaction to reach dynamic equilibrium?
What condition is needed for a reaction to reach dynamic equilibrium?
What are the two characteristics of a dynamic equilibrium?
What are the two characteristics of a dynamic equilibrium?
Why does a catalyst not affect the position of equilibrium?
Why does a catalyst not affect the position of equilibrium?
Increasing temperature favors which type of reaction?
Increasing temperature favors which type of reaction?
Decreasing temperature favors which type of reaction?
Decreasing temperature favors which type of reaction?
Increasing pressure favors the side with what?
Increasing pressure favors the side with what?
Decreasing pressure favors the side with what?
Decreasing pressure favors the side with what?
What is the test for oxygen gas?
What is the test for oxygen gas?
What is the test for carbon dioxide?
What is the test for carbon dioxide?
What is the test for ammonia gas?
What is the test for ammonia gas?
What is the test for chlorine gas?
What is the test for chlorine gas?
What is the name of group 1 elements?
What is the name of group 1 elements?
How does the reactivity of group 1 elements change?
How does the reactivity of group 1 elements change?
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Study Notes
Hydrocarbons
- Composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Homologous Series
- Features similar chemical properties and physical property trends.
- Defined by a common functional group.
Functional Groups and Isomerism
- Functional groups determine the reactivity of organic molecules.
- Isomers share the same molecular formula but have different structural arrangements.
Reactions and Distillation
- An addition reaction is represented as A + B → C.
- Crude oil is separated through fractional distillation, isolating hydrocarbon fractions with similar boiling points.
Boiling Points and Viscosity
- Longer hydrocarbon chains exhibit higher boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.
- Viscosity refers to a substance's resistance to flow; in crude oil fractions, viscosity increases down the column.
Combustion Products
- Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water.
- Incomplete combustion yields carbon monoxide or carbon and water, occurring in limited oxygen supply.
Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Combustion
- Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas formed during combustion.
- Nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides contribute to acid rain, posing environmental issues.
Cracking and Alkanes
- Cracking converts long-chain alkanes into shorter ones and alkenes, useful for meeting demand.
- Catalysts like alumina and silica are used at high temperatures (650ºC).
Saturation and Functional Groups
- Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons characterized by single bonds. General formula: CnH2n+2.
- Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond (C=C). General formula: CnH2n.
Testing for Unsaturation
- Bromine water changes color from orange to colorless in the presence of alkenes, distinguishing them from alkanes.
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
- Alcohols have the functional group (-OH).
- Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is a common carboxylic acid with the functional group (COOH).
Esterification and Polyesters
- Esters are formed by reacting an alcohol and a carboxylic acid with a sulfuric acid catalyst.
- Biopolyesters are environmentally friendly due to their biodegradable properties.
Energy Changes in Reactions
- Exothermic reactions release heat and lead to temperature increases; endothermic reactions absorb heat and decrease temperature.
Reaction Rates
- Increasing surface area, concentration, temperature, or pressure accelerates reaction rates due to more frequent successful collisions.
- Catalysts lower activation energy, promoting faster reactions without altering equilibrium positions.
Dynamic Equilibrium
- Achieved in a closed system where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, with constant concentrations.
- Temperature, pressure, and concentration shifts influence equilibrium favoring either exothermic or endothermic reactions.
Gas Tests
- Oxygen relights a glowing splint; carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy; ammonia turns damp red litmus paper blue; chlorine bleaches damp litmus paper.
Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements
- Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals and exhibit increased reactivity down the group.
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