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Questions and Answers
What is the key characteristic of a pure substance?
What is the key characteristic of a pure substance?
- Heterogeneous composition and variable properties.
- Variable chemical composition and physical properties.
- Homogenous composition and indefinite properties.
- Definite chemical composition and physical properties. (correct)
Which of the following best describes a compound?
Which of the following best describes a compound?
- A substance that retains its individual properties.
- A pure substance formed of two or more elements chemically combined in a definite proportion by mass. (correct)
- A mixture of elements in any proportion.
- A mixture that is not uniform throughout.
In a chemical reaction, what are the substances that are present at the beginning of the reaction called?
In a chemical reaction, what are the substances that are present at the beginning of the reaction called?
- Promoters
- Catalysts
- Reactants (correct)
- Products
What distinguishes a homogeneous mixture from a heterogeneous mixture?
What distinguishes a homogeneous mixture from a heterogeneous mixture?
What is the specific type of chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single new substance?
What is the specific type of chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single new substance?
According to the law of conservation of mass, what happens to matter during a chemical reaction?
According to the law of conservation of mass, what happens to matter during a chemical reaction?
Which separation technique is best suited for isolating insoluble solid particles from a liquid by letting them settle?
Which separation technique is best suited for isolating insoluble solid particles from a liquid by letting them settle?
What term describes the process of carefully pouring a clear liquid from settled solid material?
What term describes the process of carefully pouring a clear liquid from settled solid material?
What is the term for a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed in the process?
What is the term for a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed in the process?
What is the primary principle behind fractional distillation?
What is the primary principle behind fractional distillation?
When a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances, what is this type of reaction called?
When a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances, what is this type of reaction called?
Which term describes the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a chemical reaction?
Which term describes the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a chemical reaction?
Which process converts a substance from the liquid phase to a vapor?
Which process converts a substance from the liquid phase to a vapor?
Which process describes the separation of mixture components based on their absorption?
Which process describes the separation of mixture components based on their absorption?
What is the best description of miscible liquids?
What is the best description of miscible liquids?
In a balanced chemical equation, what relationship exists between the number of atoms on the reactant and product sides?
In a balanced chemical equation, what relationship exists between the number of atoms on the reactant and product sides?
What is the term for the intermixing of substances due to particle motion?
What is the term for the intermixing of substances due to particle motion?
What type of reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water?
What type of reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water?
Which term describes the changing of gas into a liquid by pressure and temperature manipulation?
Which term describes the changing of gas into a liquid by pressure and temperature manipulation?
What is the atomic number of an element equivalent to?
What is the atomic number of an element equivalent to?
What is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom?
What is determined by the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom?
What are atoms of the same element with differing neutron counts called?
What are atoms of the same element with differing neutron counts called?
What are the charged particles formed due to the gain or loss of electrons by an atom called?
What are the charged particles formed due to the gain or loss of electrons by an atom called?
What is the symbolic representation of a molecule called, indicating the types and number of atoms it contains?
What is the symbolic representation of a molecule called, indicating the types and number of atoms it contains?
Flashcards
Pure Substance
Pure Substance
A pure substance with a fixed chemical composition; its properties are uniform throughout. Examples include elements and compounds.
Atomicity
Atomicity
The number of atoms present in a molecule of an element.
Compound
Compound
A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
Heterogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
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Homogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
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Fractional Distillation
Fractional Distillation
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Miscible Liquids
Miscible Liquids
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Immiscible Liquids
Immiscible Liquids
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What is an atom?
What is an atom?
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What is atomic number?
What is atomic number?
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What is mass number?
What is mass number?
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What is electronic configuration?
What is electronic configuration?
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What is the valence shell?
What is the valence shell?
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What are valence electrons?
What are valence electrons?
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What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
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What are ions?
What are ions?
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Combination Reaction
Combination Reaction
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Decomposition Reaction
Decomposition Reaction
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Displacement Reaction
Displacement Reaction
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Double Displacement Reaction
Double Displacement Reaction
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Precipitation Reaction
Precipitation Reaction
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Neutralization Reaction
Neutralization Reaction
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Promoter
Promoter
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Study Notes
Chemistry Definitions
- Pure Substances: Have a definite chemical composition and definite physical and chemical properties; composition is uniform throughout
- Atomicity: The number of atoms in an element's molecule
- Compound: A pure substance made of two or more elements combined chemically in a fixed proportion
- Mixtures: Formed by mixing two or more pure substances in any proportion, without undergoing a chemical change; they retain their individual properties
- Homogeneous Mixture: Components uniformly distributed, not seen separately
- Heterogeneous Mixture: Components not uniformly distributed, they can be seen separately
Separation Techniques
- Fractional Crystallisation: Separates solids based on their solubility in a solvent
- Sedimentation: Heavy, insoluble solids settle in a liquid mixture
- Decantation: Pouring off the clear liquid without disturbing the settled solids
- Evaporation: Converting a liquid to a vapor by heating or exposure to air
- Crystallisation: Forming solid crystals from a hot, saturated solution by cooling
- Distillation: Converting a liquid to vapor by heating, then condensing vapor back into liquid
- Centrifugation: Separating suspended solids from liquids in a mixture
- Fractional Distillation: Separating liquids with different boiling points
Additional Chemistry Concepts
- Miscible Liquids: Liquids that dissolve completely in each other in any proportion
- Immiscible Liquids: Liquids that do not dissolve in each other
- Chromatography: Separating dissolved substances in a solution based on their absorption on a material
- Diffusion: Spreading out and intermixing of substances due to particle motion
- Liquefaction: Changing a gas to a liquid by applying pressure and reducing temperature
- Atom: Smallest particle of an element exhibiting its properties
- Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- Mass Number (A): Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
- Electronic Configuration: Arrangement of electrons in shells or orbits (energy levels)
- Valence Shell: Outermost electron shell
- Valence Electrons: Electrons in the valence shell
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with same atomic number but different mass number (different number of neutrons)
- lons: Charged particles formed by gaining or losing electrons
- Radical: Group of atoms with a positive or negative charge
- Valency: Combining capacity of an atom with other atoms
- Symbols: Short-hand representation of chemical elements
- Basic Radicals: Positively charged radicals (cations)
- Acid Radicals: Negatively charged radicals (anions)
- Molecular Formula: Symbolic representation of a molecule showing number of each atom
- Chemical Equations: Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, showing reactants and products
- Reactants: Starting substances in a reaction
- Products: Substances formed in a reaction
- Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
- Balanced Chemical Equation: Number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation
- Catalyst: Increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed
- Promoter: Substance that increases a catalyst's efficiency
- Chemical Reaction: Any transformation of matter into different substances, involving chemical bonds
- Chemical Bond: Attractive force holding atoms or ions together in a molecule
- Effervescence: Formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a chemical reaction
- Combination Reaction (Synthesis Reaction): Combining two or more substances to form a single substance
- Decomposition Reaction: Breaking down a compound into simpler substances
- Displacement Reaction: More active element displaces a less active one in a compound
- Double Displacement Reaction: Two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds
- Precipitation Reaction: Formation of an insoluble solid (precipitate) when two aqueous solution react
- Neutralization Reaction: Reaction between an acid and a base forming salt and water
- Precipitate: Insoluble solid formed in a chemical reaction
- Acids: Substances that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
- Indicators: Substances that change colour in acidic or basic solutions
- Metal Reactivity Series: Metals arranged in decreasing order of reactivity
- Exothermic Reaction: Heat is released
- Endothermic Reaction: Heat is absorbed
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