IGCSE Chemistry Overview

Fuel, heat, and oxygen.

It produces a large amount of heat from a small amount of fuel and does not emit CO2.

It produces radioactive waste and is non-renewable.

<p>By reacting methane gas with steam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can form an explosive mixture with air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collisions between reactant particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of reactant used up or product made in a given time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should be cheap, available in large quantities, liquid at room temperature, and produce a lot of energy without polluting gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher light intensity increases the rate of a photochemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O → (light + chlorophyll) → C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silver bromide breaks down, reducing silver ions to silver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test for an oxidising agent, add a reducing agent like potassium iodide (KI).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversible reactions are those in which reactants can be converted back and forth to products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen is needed for chlorophyll production and the synthesis of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfur dioxide causes respiratory problems and contributes to acid rain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lead exposure can cause damage to brain and nerve cells in young children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, preventing it from escaping into space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air is filtered to remove dust and then cooled to separate gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-metals become less reactive as you move down a period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transition metals are malleable and good conductors of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transition metals form colored compounds due to their ability to have variable valences and incomplete d-electron sub-shells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melting and boiling points increase as you move down the group of noble gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metals are used in alloys to achieve an increased range of uses and stronger structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transition metals have no trend in reactivity, unlike alkali metals which become more reactive down the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Argon is used to fill light bulbs to prevent the tungsten filament from reacting with oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reactivity series ranks metals based on their readiness to take part in chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium oxide neutralizes acidic impurities in molten iron to form slag, which is then removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring carbon content ensures that the steel has the desired properties; too much carbon makes it brittle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The paper turns from blue to pink, indicating the presence of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium silicate and carbon dioxide are produced when calcium carbonate reacts with silicon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The melting point is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The blast furnace provides the high temperature and the carbon source needed for the reduction of iron ore to iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidic impurities are removed from the molten iron during the oxygen furnace process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clean air is composed of approximately 79% nitrogen and 20% oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gases produced are carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A catalytic converter reduces NO2 to nitrogen gas (N2) and oxidizes carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon monoxide prevents hemoglobin from carrying oxygen, leading to death due to oxygen starvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One method is coating with materials like plastic, paint, or grease to prevent contact with air and moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sacrificial protection involves attaching a more reactive metal, like magnesium or zinc, to iron to corrode in its place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sources of methane include oil and natural gas production, decomposition of vegetation, and waste gases from digestion in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steam is used to turn turbines for generating energy in farming operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers