IFS 1 Exam 1 Study Guide: Units 1-2
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

  • To distribute hormones throughout the body
  • To bring blood back to the heart
  • To filter blood before it enters the heart
  • To transport oxygenated blood away from the heart (correct)

Which of the following correctly describes the anatomy of the heart?

  • The endocardium is the outermost layer
  • The epicardium is the internal layer lining the chambers
  • The pericardium is a tough membranous sac encasing the heart (correct)
  • The myocardium is the connective tissue surrounding the heart

How does an increase in heart rate impact movement?

  • Reduces the demand for oxygen in muscles
  • Limits the amount of blood being pumped
  • Increases the heart's efficiency in pumping blood (correct)
  • Decreases oxygen delivery to muscles

Where is the apex of the heart located?

<p>Inferior and positioned toward the left (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located anterior to the esophagus?

<p>The heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathway does blood follow as it leaves the heart?

<p>From arteries to capillaries to veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessels return blood to the heart?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes do the lungs have?

<p>3 lobes in the right lung, 2 in the left lung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is associated with the posterior interventricular artery?

<p>Right Coronary Artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart?

<p>Inferior and Superior Vena Cava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary electrical function of contractile cardiac muscle cells?

<p>Contract based on an electrical signal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium?

<p>Tricuspid Valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in the activity of autorhythmic cells?

<p>It is required for generating action potential to threshold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the first point of depolarization in the heart located?

<p>SA Node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is the heart composed of?

<p>Cardiac Muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the P Wave in an ECG represent?

<p>Atrial Depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart muscle cell is responsible for generating the electrical signal for contraction?

<p>Pacemaker Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the delay in the electrical signal between the SA node and AV node?

<p>Allows time for the atria to fill with blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the heart valves?

<p>To prevent backflow of blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure conducts the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricles?

<p>Bundle of His (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels provide the primary blood supply to the heart muscle itself?

<p>Coronary Arteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the coronary sinus?

<p>To drain deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of contractile cells in the heart?

<p>Have intercalated disks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

<p>Pulmonary Veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event in the cardiac cycle follows atrial systole?

<p>Ventricles fill with blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with the QRS complex?

<p>Ventricular depolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stroke volume?

<p>The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a single contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart sound indicates the closure of the atrioventricular valves?

<p>Heart Sound #1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers affect stroke volume?

<p>It increases stroke volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does ventricular repolarization occur?

<p>Ventricular diastole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute at rest?

<p>5-6 L/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the autonomic nervous system play in heart rate regulation?

<p>It regulates heart rate by adjusting both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

<p>Increases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of blood flow through the cardiovascular system starting from the vena cava?

<p>Inf/Sup Vena Cava → R Atrium → R Ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels typically have the highest pressure?

<p>Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the heart provides the primary driving force for pressure changes?

<p>Left Ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Poiseulle’s Law, which factor has the most significant impact on resistance to blood flow?

<p>Blood Vessel Diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the numeric value for typical systolic and diastolic pressures?

<p>120/80 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is known to cause vasoconstriction?

<p>Both B and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vasodilation have on blood flow?

<p>Increases blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily involved in the paracrine signaling related to vasodilation?

<p>Adenosine (A), Histamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors primarily influence mean arterial blood pressure?

<p>Blood volume and cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels prevent backflow due to the presence of valves?

<p>Veins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata in relation to the cardiovascular system?

<p>Controlling heart rate and blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main site for hematopoiesis, the synthesis of blood cells?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular elements in blood are responsible for oxygen transport?

<p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the baroreceptor reflex primarily help regulate?

<p>Blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs depend on a constant blood supply due to their metabolic needs?

<p>Brain and kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Function in Movement

The cardiovascular system's function, including increased heart rate and blood flow, directly impacts the body's ability to move. Increased oxygen demand during physical activity leads to a heightened heart rate for proper muscle function.

Heart Chambers

The heart comprises four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The atria receive blood, and the ventricles pump it out.

Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, while veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

Heart Location

The heart is centrally located in the chest cavity, nestled between the lungs, behind the sternum, anterior to the esophagus, and inferior to the trachea.

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Heart Anatomy Layers

The heart has three layers: the endocardium (inner), myocardium (muscle), and epicardium (outer). The pericardium is the tough sac surrounding the heart.

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Lung Lobes

Each lung has lobes: superior, middle, and inferior, with fissures that divide them. The right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lung has only 2.

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Heart Anatomy

The heart has four chambers: the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles. Blood flows through these chambers.

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Blood Pathway

Blood travels through the heart and into the rest of the body in a specific order, pumping oxygen rich blood from the body and the lungs.

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Deoxygenated Blood flow path

Blood flow from the body (through the vena cava) to the heart's right side, then to the lungs for oxygenation.

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Oxygenated Blood flow path

Blood flow from the lungs to the heart, then to the body, carrying oxygen.

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Heart Valves

The heart's structures that prevent backflow of blood; located between chambers; e.g., Tricuspid, Mitral, Pulmonary, and Aortic valves.

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Heart Valve Function

Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow by preventing backflow in the heart.

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Heart Muscle Type

Myocardium, a specialized type of striated muscle tissue.

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Heart Muscle Cells: Contractile

The majority (99%) of heart muscle cells, responsible for pumping blood.

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Heart Muscle Cells: Autorhythmic

The minority (1%) of heart muscle cells, generating electrical signals for contraction.

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Heart Blood Supply - Coronary

Blood vessels from the aorta supply the heart muscle with blood. Venous blood returns to the right atrium by the coronary veins.

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Right Coronary Artery

A major artery that supplies blood to the right ventricle, right atrium, and the inferior portion of the left ventricle.

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Posterior Interventricular Artery

A branch of the right coronary artery that supplies blood to the posterior wall of the heart, specifically the interventricular septum.

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Great Cardiac Vein

The largest vein of the heart, collecting blood from the anterior surface of the heart.

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Middle Cardiac Vein

A vein that runs along the posterior interventricular sulcus, collecting blood from the inferior portion of the heart.

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Small Cardiac Vein

A vein that runs along the right margin of the heart, collecting blood from the right ventricle.

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Cardiac Cycle

The complete sequence of events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation.

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Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle contracts, pumping blood out of the chambers.

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Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with blood.

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Electrical Signal vs Mechanical Event: Which Comes First?

The electrical signal for contraction originates in the heart's pacemaker and precedes the mechanical event of muscle contraction.

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Depolarization vs Repolarization: Contraction or Relaxation?

Depolarization of heart muscle cells triggers contraction, while repolarization leads to relaxation.

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Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a single contraction.

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Ejection Fraction

The percentage of end-diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole) that is ejected during contraction.

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Preload and Contractility

Preload is the degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction, which directly influences the force of contraction (contractility).

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Sympathetic Nervous System on Heart Rate

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by stimulating the heart's pacemaker cells to depolarize faster, leading to a faster heartbeat.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System on Heart Rate

The parasympathetic nervous system slows down heart rate by inhibiting the pacemaker cells, leading to a slower heartbeat.

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Blood Flow Pathway

Blood travels from the inferior/superior vena cava to the right atrium, then right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk/left common carotid/left subclavian, descending aorta.

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Artery vs. Vein Pressure

Arteries typically have higher blood pressure than veins.

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Blood Pressure Source

The left ventricle is the main source of blood pressure within the cardiovascular system.

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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Resistance

These factors determine how easily blood flows: Blood vessel diameter (radius), blood viscosity, and blood vessel length.

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Poiseuille's Law

This law describes the relationship between blood vessel diameter, viscosity, and length, and their effect on blood flow resistance.

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Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction narrows blood vessels, reducing blood flow. Vasodilation widens blood vessels, increasing blood flow.

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Blood Vessel Exchange

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, allowing for exchange of materials like oxygen, nutrients, and waste products due to their thin walls and large surface area.

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Vein Valves

Veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. These valves work in conjunction with the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump to facilitate blood flow back to the heart.

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Organs with Constant Blood Supply

Brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, and intestines require a continuous blood supply because they are vital for essential functions like oxygen delivery, waste removal, and organ function.

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Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

Blood volume, heart's pumping efficiency, resistance in blood vessels, and blood distribution between arteries and veins are the key factors influencing blood pressure.

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Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular Control

The medulla oblongata is the central control center for cardiovascular functions. It receives information from baroreceptors, which monitor blood pressure and regulate adjustments to maintain stable blood pressure.

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Blood Composition

Blood is composed of plasma, a fluid containing water, proteins, and other elements, and cellular elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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Blood Cell Synthesis

Hematopoiesis is the process of producing blood cells, which occurs in the bone marrow. This process continually replenishes blood cells.

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Red Blood Cells and Oxygen Transport

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Roughly 42% of blood is composed of red blood cells.

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Cardiac Muscle Cells: Contractile

Majority (99%) of heart muscle cells, responsible for pumping blood.

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Cardiac Muscle Cells: Autorhythmic

Minority (1%) of heart muscle cells, generating electrical signals for contraction.

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SA Node

Location of the first point of depolarization (electrical signal generation) in the heart, located in the right atrium.

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Depolarization vs. Repolarization

Depolarization of heart muscle cells triggers contraction, while repolarization leads to relaxation.

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ECG (Electrocardiogram)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart that is used to assess the health of the heart.

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Study Notes

IFS 1 Exam 1 Study Guide

  • Exam covers units 1-2, 50 multiple choice questions, equal distribution of questions from each unit.
  • Tie concepts to the main movement question: What is movement? Where does it originate? What are the key players? What influences optimal movement?
  • Use guiding questions in the unit introductions to aid studying.
  • Some video-based questions possible.

Unit 1: Systems & Thorax

  • Cardiovascular System Overview: Know the anatomy and function of major organs, including the heart (endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium) and blood vessels. Also, know lung anatomy: superior, middle, and inferior lobes (left and right), and fissures.
  • Cardiovascular System & Movement: How does the cardiovascular system function to support movement? (e.g., increased heart rate to meet oxygen demands). Which vessels carry blood away from the heart (arteries)? Which vessels carry blood to the heart (veins)?
  • Heart Location: Know the heart's location in the thorax relative to other structures (e.g., lungs, sternum, rib cage).

Additional Information

  • Blood Pathway: Understand the pathway through the cardiovascular system. Note which parts carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
  • Heart Valves: Know the valves (tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic) and their location in the heart. Their purpose is to prevent backflow of blood.
  • Heart Muscle (Myocardium): The myocardium is composed of two main cell types: contractile cells and autorhythmic cells. Contractile cells contract due to a stimulated signal.
  • Blood Circulation: Understand how blood flow relates to the electrical signals in the heart. Be able to identify P, PR segments, QRS complex, and T wave segments on an ECG.
  • Cardiac Cycle: Define the phases of the cardiac cycle (systole and diastole). Compare the relationships between electrical signals, mechanical events, and contractility.
  • Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a single contraction.
  • Ejection Fraction: The percentage of end-diastolic volume ejected in one contraction.
  • Regulation of Heart Rate: How does the autonomic nervous system regulate heart rate? What are the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic control?

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IFS 1 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

Description

Prepare for the IFS 1 Exam 1 with this comprehensive study guide covering Units 1 and 2. The exam features 50 multiple choice questions focused on cardiovascular anatomy, lung function, and their relationship to movement. Utilize guiding questions to enhance your understanding of key concepts related to optimal movement.

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