Ideology of Pakistan

Ideology

• A set of beliefs, values, and ideals deeplyIngrained refers to something that is firmly established and difficult to change. It can relate to habits, beliefs, or ideas that have become integral to a person or culture over time, highlighting the deep-rooted nature of these characteristics.n a group or nation's social consciousness.
• Emphasizes specific principles and ideals
• Provides a direction and worldview for a nation, guiding actions and philosophies

Ideology of Pakistan

• Shaped through an evolutionary process involving historical experience, philosophical explanation by Allama Iqbal, political translation by Quaid-i-Azam, and legal sanction is a term used in international relations and law that refers to measures imposed by countries or international organizations to compel compliance with laws and regulations, often in response to specific behaviors deemed unacceptable, such as violations of human rights, aggression, or nuclear proliferation. Sanctions can take various forms, including economic restrictions, trade barriers, travel bans, and diplomatic measures. The primary objective of sanctions is to alter the target's behavior without resorting to military action, thereby promoting peace and stability in the global arena. by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in 1949;
• Rooted in the realization among South Asian Muslims of their distinct identity from Hindus, leading to demands for separate electorates and, eventually, a separate state.
• Aims to maintain the individuality of the Muslim community in South Asia within Hindu society.
• Based on the belief that Islam and Hinduism represent distinct social orders with incompatible cultures.
• The Muslim nationhood was based on shared Islamic faith rather than territory, race, language, or ethnicity.
• Demanded a sovereign state where Muslims could live according to the Holy Quran and Sunnah

‘Two Nation Theory’

• Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan
• Argues that Muslim nationalism emerged with Islam, introducing principles for all life aspects
• Advocated humanitarianism and a society founded on Qur'anic principles.
• The beginnings can be traced to the first Indian converts to Islam
• Muslim saints presented Islam’s teachings to replace vices in Indian society, thus getting conversions
• Established a strong Muslim community in India, with its own way of life, traditions, heroes, history, and culture, distinct from Hinduism.
• Equality and social justice inspired conversions to Islam

The British & Muslim Identity

• British won over Muslim rulers due to industrial/scientific developments & modern war strategy.
• War of Independence of 1857 was a setback to Indian Muslims who were held responsible by the British.
• Muslims scholars sought to reform Islamic law and promote its application in Muslim society.
• Prominent figure is Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98), who awakened and guided his community. His educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement, helped Muslim gentry socially under colonial rule.
• Indian National Congress (1885) indicated start of Indian nationalist movement under British.
• Argued that Congress helped British rule.
• Sir Syed advised Muslims not to join because Muslims could not involve in anti-government activities.
• Sir Syed's fear of Hindu domination led to the "Two Nations Theory," later espoused by the All-India Muslim League, founded in 1906, which sought a separate Muslim state.

All India Muslim League

• Founded in Dhaka
• Aimed to promote loyalty to British, and protect/advance the political rights/interests of Indian Muslims
• Promoted the concept of 'separate electorates’
• Served as the basis for demanding Pakistan by Muslims in British India.
• Believed Muslims were not a community but a nation with history, heritage, culture and civilization
• Aims to preserve distinct identity and advance interests in India; desired to live according to ideals/philosophy without majority overwhelming them.
• Initially demanded constitutional guarantees and a federal system, but later sought a separate state for safeguards the British/Hindu community wouldn't grant

Hindi-Urdu Controversy

• Hindu revivalist movements targeted Muslims.
• Indian nationalism pressured Muslims to organize politically and effectively defend their interests.
• Hindi-Urdu Controversy, after 1857, was a Hindu assault on Muslim heritage and legacy.
• Hindus were biased against Urdu due to Muslim heritage.
• Hindus demanded Hindi replacing Urdu as the official language. There were demonstrations by Hindus in Banaras in 1867
• Sir Syed predicted unstable Hindu-Muslim relations on this issue.
• The Muslim nationalism is manifested in the sublime principles implemented: Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity, Equality, tolerance.
• Principles enshrined in constitutions to realize these goals in reality, creating institutions and processes reflecting these values.

Ideology of Pakistan from Quaid-i-Azam & Allama Iqbal

• Nationhood developed among Muslims before Pakistan’s creation. Mostly desired to protect/promote their identity/interests
• A strategy was adopted to get constitutional safeguards b/c of antagonistic treatment, then a separate state goal.
• Islam was central
• Leadership is important to put people on right direction. Good leaders instill awareness, mobilize, good direction/defense against adversaries. Muslims had good leadership.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• A history-making leader who changed the course of history.
• Possessed visionary leadership, was committed and capable of political mobilization
• A truly charismatic leader
• Jinnah played a decisive role in voicing Muslims demands and pursuing these, facing opposition from the Hindus/British.
• Started career in 1906 by joining Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 joined the All India Muslim League
• Disagreed with Gandhi on Swaraj, so Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920
• Promoted Hindu-Muslim unity and materialized in the Lucknow Pact (1916) with Muslim demands accepted
• Nehru Report ignored Muslim rights, so Jinnah retaliated forcefully with 14 Points in 1929
• Jinnah defined Muslim identity and mobilized group, saying its different from Hindus. His speeches emphasized Islam.
• Jinnah used the term NATION for Muslims. Religion, culture, arts, music and combo made a minority a separate entity.
• In 1936 Bombay and 1937, Jinnah made statements about Muslims as a separate nation. He roared Muslims and Hindus are two rations
• He gave guidance for making the constitution of Pakistan
• He gave assurance of rights and equality to new state minorities

Allama Iqbal

• Very few like Iqbal are born per century.
• Aware of importance of Islam in Muslims' lives
• First public appearance in 1899 at the Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam session in Lahore
• Was initially a nationalist with poetry like Tarana-i-Hind/ but then critiqued society
• Educated from Europe
• Knew weak aspects of Western culture: capitalism, materialism vs spiritualism
• Focus on the conditions of the Muslims/ Muslim India saying Islam can always save Muslims & to follow Prophet Muhammad
• Said the Islamic views do not fit duality of religion and state.
• Said the Muslim’s scattered people can become organized through Islam

Allama Iqbal

• Said that the best solution was the territorial redistribution of British India based on religion
• Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan be amalgamated into a state.
• Called to be self government within the British empire or without empire.