Ideologies: -Isms

-Isms

• Karl Marx is the founder of communism (Marxism).
• The basic philosophy is the absence of religion and social classes.
• This means everyone gets the same, regardless of effort.
• Adam Smith formed/standardized the basic rules/theories of capitalism and economics; known for "Wealth of Nations".
• He emphasized the importance of free markets, assembly-line production methods, and gross domestic product (GDP).
• Charles Darwin is associated with the theory of evolution.
• Darwinism led to racism, with the belief that the white race was superior.
• The "White Man’s Burden" was used to justify "civilizing" non-Europeans.
• Nationalism can unite people by fostering a shared sense of identity.
• Nationalism can divide societies by intensifying ethnic, regional, or cultural differences, sometimes resulting in conflicts.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton advocated for women’s rights and organized the 1st women's suffrage demand in the US, paving the way for early feminism.

Imperialism

• 19th-century imperialism differed as it was more planned, involved successful colonization, and was driven by the "White Man’s Burden".
• It was larger and more aggressive, with direct political control, unlike earlier coastal trading posts.
• A new motivation of industrialization was present, unlike the earlier focus on the 3Gs (Gold, Glory, and God).
• Otto von Bismarck created/unified Germany through diplomacy & wars, with the motto "Blood & Iron" (war & industry).
• Social reforms included health & insurance pension, social security system.
• The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) involved European powers dividing Africa, led by Otto von Bismarck; no African leaders were invited.
• This led to the Scramble for Africa, where European nations took over most of the continent.
• Britain primarily controlled Egypt, South Africa, Sudan, Nigeria, and Kenya.
• France primarily controlled Algeria, West Africa, and Madagascar.
• Belgium had the most brutal control over the Congo Free States.
• Germany lost all colonies after WW1, previously controlling Togo, Cameroon, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and Namibia.
• Portugal had less influence but controlled Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau.
• Italy controlled Libya, Eritrea, and Somaliland but failed to conquer Ethiopia.
• Spain had insignificant control over Western Sahara, Equatorial Guinea, and Morocco.
• The Dutch controlled South Africa (+ Guiana, the Caribbean, Suriname, Indonesia).
• Caudillos were Latin American military leaders/strongmen.
• They rose to power after independence movements, using military force to control regions/countries, sometimes becoming dictators.
• The Sepoy Rebellion (Mutiny) was caused by Indian soldiers' resentment of British rule, leading to a violent rebellion.
• As an effect, Britain took direct control of India, ending Mughal rule & the East India Company’s power.
• China responded to Imperialism with self-strengthening and maintaining tradition without modernization.
• Japan responded by adopting the ways of the "enemy."
• Spheres of influence were regions/countries where a foreign power had significant economic, political, or military control/influence without formal colonization; such as 19th-century China by Japan & Europe.

Industrialization

• It impacted women through shifting family roles; lower-class women worked while middle and upper-class women stayed home.
• Negative impacts included harsh working conditions, low wages, and long hours.
• Positive impacts included jobs, advocacy for labor rights, education, and suffrage.
• Political responses to the horrors of industrialization were communism, strikes, attempts to overthrow the government, socialism, minimum wage, and public health reforms.
• The Meiji Restoration involved modernizing and industrializing (westernizing) Japan to resist Western imperialism.
• It ended the Tokugawa shogunate & restored power to the emperor.
• Non-Europeans faced challenges due to Europe's technological advantages.
• Europe had military strength, industrial production, and transportation and colonized other societies through imperialism.
• As an impact on population and urbanization, people moved to cities, boosting population, and causing disease outbreaks.
• Luddites were people (typically small business owners) who opposed industrialization because it replaced their jobs and destroyed factories.
• Ethnic enclaves are ethnic communities within cities (e.g., Chinatown).
• Main Chinese exports were tea, silk, porcelain, and cotton.

Revolutions

• Revolutions emerged in the lower and middle classes.
• The French Revolution brought radical changes.
• It abolished the monarchy, established a republican government, uprooted the church, took down the hierarchy, tried to change the calendar, and ended privileges for the nobility & clergy.
• In 19th-century Russia, revolts against the Tsar occurred because of social unrest, which led to the emancipation of serfs by Tsar Alexander II.
• Russia suffered military defeats in the Crimean War against the British.
• It struggled in wars against China & Ottoman Turks, revealing weaknesses in its military and economy.
• The Napoleonic Wars affected America through the Haitian Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Louisiana Purchase.
• The Agricultural Revolution in Europe led to more efficient farming tech and more food resulting in population growth, urbanization, and displacement of farmers towards industrialization.
• Independence movements in the Americas included:
• The American Revolution: Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & British actions.
• The Haitian Revolution: Inspired by the French Revolution & Enlightenment ideas.
• Latin American Revolutions: Inspired by the American & French Revolutions (Creoles led).