Identification of Root, Stem, and Base in Linguistics
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Questions and Answers

What is the root of the word 'workers' after removing both the inflectional and derivational suffixes?

  • work (correct)
  • worker
  • works
  • workers

Which of the following statements is true about stems?

  • A stem can be a root or a root plus derivational morphemes. (correct)
  • A stem can only be a root.
  • A stem is always the same as a base.
  • A stem is only found in inflected forms.

In the word 'workshops', what is the stem after removing the inflectional morpheme?

  • workshop (correct)
  • work
  • shop
  • shops

What is the base of the word 'impracticality' after removing the derivational suffix '-ity'?

<p>impractical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the analysis, which of the following is true about roots and bases?

<p>All roots are bases, but not all bases are roots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the base in the context of words with only derivational affixes?

<p>The base may not be a root or a stem at all. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options defines a stem correctly?

<p>The stem is identified when only inflectional morphemes are deleted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the relationship between roots, stems, and bases?

<p>Bases can be roots but are not always stems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a root according to the definitions provided?

<p>The unchangeable core of a word that conveys its main meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a root is further divided into its components?

<p>It loses its original identity or meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a base in morphology?

<p>A part of the word to which inflectional affixes can be added (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to define root, stem, and base in linguistics?

<p>To facilitate understanding of morphology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do viewers generalize the differences among root, stem, and base?

<p>They represent distinct concepts in word formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of morphemes must be removed to identify the root of a word?

<p>Both inflectional and derivational morphemes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about roots is false?

<p>A root can be modified without losing its meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which morphemes are typically attached to a base when forming new words?

<p>Both inflectional and derivational morphemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples represents a compound stem?

<p>classroom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a base from a root morpheme?

<p>A base can have both derivational and inflectional morphemes added. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a derived stem?

<p>understatement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the word 'internationalist', which part is considered a root morpheme?

<p>nation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these forms can be characterized as both a base and a stem?

<p>internationalists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between 'inflectional morphemes' and 'derivational morphemes'?

<p>Derivational morphemes create new words; inflectional do not change the word's class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stem' refer to in morphological analysis?

<p>A root plus one or more derivational morphemes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms indicates that a word is a base?

<p>It allows both derivational and inflectional morphemes to be added. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the root of the word 'undesirables'?

<p>desire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the word 'undesirable', what is the base form?

<p>desirable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the stem of a word?

<p>The remaining form after removing inflectional morphemes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words contains no inflectional morpheme?

<p>inequality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the root of the word 'faithfulness'?

<p>faith (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the analysis of the word 'relation', what is considered its root?

<p>relate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should one not consider the Latin morphemes when analyzing an English word?

<p>They do not belong to the English lexical category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the stem 'denationalize'?

<p>It contains no inflectional morphemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct root of the word 'internationalists'?

<p>nation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which affix must be removed to identify the stem in the word 'memberships'?

<p>-s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the base of the word 'membership'?

<p>The base is 'member' after removing only the inflectional suffix. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a stem from a base?

<p>A stem can only have inflectional affixes added to it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the word 'friendly', what is true about the base 'friend'?

<p>It is only a base and not a stem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which word demonstrates a root that is also both a base and stem?

<p>work in works (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the word 'workshop' in the context of roots and stems?

<p>Its base is 'work'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates how to analyze the base in a complex word?

<p>Remove only the derivational suffix from the stem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stem of the word 'inequalities'?

<p>inequality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which morpheme should be removed first to find the base of 'understatements'?

<p>-s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the base of the word 'denationalizing'?

<p>denationalize (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the word 'impracticality', which morpheme is removed last to find the base?

<p>-ity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies 'quick' as a stem?

<p>It can take inflectional affixes like '-er'. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To identify the base in 'denationalize', which inflectional affix can be added?

<p>-ed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base of 'breathe'?

<p>breath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following words contains both a derivational morpheme and an inflectional morpheme?

<p>inequalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Root

The basic form of a word, from which other forms are derived after removing all affixes.

Stem

The base form of a word after removing inflectional affixes (like -s, -ed).

Base

The form of a word after removing at least one derivational affix (like -er, -ity).

Affixes

Morphemes that are added to a root word to change its meaning or grammatical function (e.g. prefixes, suffixes).

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Derivational Affix

Affixes that change the part of speech or meaning of a word, like -er, -ity, im-.

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Inflectional Affix

Affixes that change the tense, number, or other grammatical features of a word, like -s, -ed.

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Root, Stem, Base = Same

A root, a stem & a base can sometimes be the same form. e.g. practice (root, stem, base).

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Base ≠ Stem

The base form is not always the same as the stem.

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Root

The base form of a word, unanalyzable without losing meaning. It's the core part of a word, containing the essential meaning.

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Stem

The part of a word that remains after removing any prefixes or suffixes.

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Base

The part of a word to which affixes are added.

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Affixes (Inflectional)

Morphemes added to a word to show its grammatical function (e.g., tense, number, case).

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Affixes (Derivational)

Morphemes added to create a new word with a different meaning.

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Identifying Base (Multiple Affixes)

Determining the base word when multiple prefixes and suffixes are attached involves removing affixes sequentially, focusing on derivational morphemes first if available.

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Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit in a language.

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Analyzing Words

Breaking words down into their meaningful parts (root, prefixes, suffixes).

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Root of a word

The core part of a word that carries the most important meaning.

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Stem

The part of a word remaining after removing inflectional affixes.

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Base in a word

The form of a word after removing at least one derivational affix.

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Affixes

Parts added to root words to change their meaning or grammatical role.

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Derivational Affix

Affixes that change a word's part of speech or meaning.

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Inflectional Affix

Affixes that show the tense, number, or other grammatical changes in a word.

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Root Analysis (English)

Analyzing the root of a word within English, without tracing back to Latin or other origins.

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Stem in words lacking inflectional affixes

Stem is irrelevant if there aren't inflectional morphemes attached to the word.

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Compound Stem

A stem created by combining two root morphemes.

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Derived Stem

A stem formed by combining a root morpheme with one or more derivational morphemes.

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Base (form)

The form to which affixes (derivational and inflectional) can be added.

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Root Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of a word that cannot be further broken down.

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Stem vs. Base (different)

A stem might be a base, but a base is not always a stem; a base is a form that can take affixes, a stem is a base that can take inflectional affixes.

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Base = Root = Stem

In some cases, a word's base, root, and stem can be the same form.

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Stem ≠ Base (occasionally)

The stem is not always the exact same as the base. The base is more general and a stem is specifically able to add an inflectional morpheme.

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Stem for a Noun (e.g., 'nation')

A noun stem can have an inflectional morpheme like "-s" to indicate plural when the word is not a base.

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Root

The core part of a word, without any prefixes or suffixes.

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Stem

Root plus any derivational affixes, minus any inflectional affixes.

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Base

The form after removing at least one derivational affix.

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Derivational Affix

Changes word meaning or part of speech (e.g., -er, -ity).

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Inflectional Affix

Changes grammatical features (e.g., -s, -ed).

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Root vs Stem

Stem is always the root plus derivational affixes, while the root may act as a base & is the part of the word before any derivational or inflectional changes.

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Base vs Stem

A base can be the same as a stem, but isn't necessarily. A stem can only have inflectional affixes, while the base can have derivational or inflectional.

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Root, Stem, and Base (same) example

"work" in "works" is the same root, stem and base because only an inflectional affix "s" was added.

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Stem

The base form of a word after removing inflectional affixes like plural '-s' or past tense '-ed'.

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Base

The fundamental form of a word after removing derivational affixes (e.g., prefixes and suffixes that change meaning or part of speech).

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Inflectional Morpheme

Affixes that change a word's grammatical function (number, tense, etc.), without changing its part of speech.

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Derivational Morpheme

Affixes that change a word's meaning or part of speech (e.g. prefix 'un-', suffix '-ness').

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Finding the base in complex words

When both derivational and inflectional affixes are present, remove inflectional affixes first to find the base.

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Base vs. Stem in complex words

The base doesn't necessarily mirror the stem. Removing an inflectional affix leads to the stem, but for the base, it must go further by removing derivational affixes as well.

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More than two derivational morphemes

In words with multiple derivational morphemes, focus on removing derivational affixes to find the base form, considering what combinations make sense semantically.

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Affixes

Any prefixes or suffixes added to a root word to modify its meaning or grammatical function.

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Study Notes

Identification and Distinction of Root, Stem, and Base in English Linguistics

  • Students often struggle to differentiate root, stem, and base in words.
  • Root: The base form of a word, irreducible core, cannot be further analyzed without changing its meaning. All affixes are removed.
  • Stem: The part of a word to which inflectional affixes are attached. It is the core remaining after inflectional affix removal.
  • Base: A general term for the form to which any affix (derivational or inflectional) can be added.
  • If no inflectional affixes, no stem analysis.
  • In words with both derivational and inflectional morphemes, delete inflectional first, then derivational.
  • In words with more than 2 derivational morphemes, the order of removal depends on each affix's contribution to the word's formation and meaning.
  • Roots often belong to lexical categories (nouns, verbs, etc.) and carry the core meaning.

Root, Stem, and Base Definition and Types

  • Root: The irreducible core of a word that holds the primary lexical meaning. Its identity is lost with modification.
  • Stem: Any form to which an inflectional affix is added. It's a word without inflectional affixes. It can consist of a root morpheme or several root morphemes plus derivational morphemes
  • Base: A term for a word form to which any affix, derivational or inflectional, can be added.
  • Roots can be free or bound.
  • Free roots stand alone.
  • Bound roots require additional morphemes to create words.

Distinction and Relationship

  • Identifying the root involves removing all affixes (inflectional and derivational).
  • Identifying the stem involves removing only inflectional affixes.
  • Identifying the base involves removing one or more affixes.
  • The base can be identical to the root or stem.
  • Affixes can be derivational or inflectional

Analysis of Words in Terms of Root, Stem, and Base

  • Root: Remove all affixes.
  • Stem: Remove inflectional affixes.
  • Base: Remove one of any possible affix (first inflectional, then derivational, or vice-versa)
  • Base, stem, and root may be the same form.
  • Stem can be the root plus a derivational morpheme
  • Base may be the same as stem, or root + derivational affix.

Level of Root Analysis

  • The root holds the core meaning of a word and belongs to a lexical category (e.g., nouns, verbs, etc.).
  • Avoid analyzing a word based on its non-English origins.

Identification of Base in Words with Multiple Affixes

  • When words have both derivational and inflectional affixes, remove inflectional first, followed by derivational.
  • With two or more derivational morphemes: Priority of removal depends on the respective contributions to the word's meaning and structure.

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Root, Stem, and Base in English Linguistics Teaching - PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on the identification and distinction of root, stem, and base in English linguistics. Students will learn how to classify word components and understand the roles they play in constructing meaning. Enhance your understanding of morphological analysis by testing your knowledge on these key concepts.

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