Podcast
Questions and Answers
Under what conditions does a solution behave ideally according to Raoult's law?
Under what conditions does a solution behave ideally according to Raoult's law?
- When the attractive forces between solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent are nearly equal. (correct)
- When the solution does not follow Raoult's law.
- When the attractive forces between solute-solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent are significantly different.
- When the volume and enthalpy of mixing are non-zero.
What is the value of $\Delta H_{mix}$ for an ideal solution?
What is the value of $\Delta H_{mix}$ for an ideal solution?
- Negative
- Dependent on temperature
- Zero (correct)
- Positive
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-ideal solutions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-ideal solutions?
- The volume of mixing is always zero.
- They do not follow Raoult's law. (correct)
- The interactions between molecules of the components are similar.
- They always follow Raoult's law.
When a solution exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's law, what does this indicate about the solute-solvent interactions?
When a solution exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's law, what does this indicate about the solute-solvent interactions?
For a solution exhibiting a negative deviation from Raoult's law, what would be the sign of $\Delta H_{mix}$?
For a solution exhibiting a negative deviation from Raoult's law, what would be the sign of $\Delta H_{mix}$?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between vapor pressure and Raoult's Law?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between vapor pressure and Raoult's Law?
How does the vapor pressure of a solution change when a non-volatile solute is added, assuming ideal behavior?
How does the vapor pressure of a solution change when a non-volatile solute is added, assuming ideal behavior?
Which of the following best describes a solution that exhibits positive deviations from Raoult's Law?
Which of the following best describes a solution that exhibits positive deviations from Raoult's Law?
What is the significance of a zero value for $\Delta V_{mix}$ in the context of ideal solutions?
What is the significance of a zero value for $\Delta V_{mix}$ in the context of ideal solutions?
How does the strength of A-A and B-B interactions compare to A-B interactions in a solution that exhibits a negative deviation from Raoult's Law?
How does the strength of A-A and B-B interactions compare to A-B interactions in a solution that exhibits a negative deviation from Raoult's Law?
When two liquids, A and B, form an ideal solution. What can you infer about the intermolecular forces?
When two liquids, A and B, form an ideal solution. What can you infer about the intermolecular forces?
Which of the following pairs of liquids is most likely to form an ideal solution?
Which of the following pairs of liquids is most likely to form an ideal solution?
If a solution of two volatile liquids shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law, the vapor pressure of the solution will be:
If a solution of two volatile liquids shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law, the vapor pressure of the solution will be:
A mixture of ethanol and water exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's Law. What is the most likely reason for this behavior?
A mixture of ethanol and water exhibits a positive deviation from Raoult's Law. What is the most likely reason for this behavior?
For an ideal solution, the relationship between the partial vapor pressure of a component ($\P_A$) and its mole fraction ($\X_A$) is given by:
For an ideal solution, the relationship between the partial vapor pressure of a component ($\P_A$) and its mole fraction ($\X_A$) is given by:
Which pair of solutions is most likely to demonstrate non-ideal behavior with a negative deviation from Raoult's Law?
Which pair of solutions is most likely to demonstrate non-ideal behavior with a negative deviation from Raoult's Law?
In a solution that shows negative deviation from Raoult's law, the volume of the solution after mixing the components is:
In a solution that shows negative deviation from Raoult's law, the volume of the solution after mixing the components is:
What is the value of $\Delta V_{mix}$ for non-ideal solutions that show a positive deviation from Raoult's Law?
What is the value of $\Delta V_{mix}$ for non-ideal solutions that show a positive deviation from Raoult's Law?
Which statement is true of solutions that display negative deviations from Raoult's Law?
Which statement is true of solutions that display negative deviations from Raoult's Law?
If two substances, A and B, have significantly different intermolecular forces, what type of solution are they likely to form?
If two substances, A and B, have significantly different intermolecular forces, what type of solution are they likely to form?
Flashcards
Non-Ideal Solutions
Non-Ideal Solutions
Solutions that don't obey Raoult's Law. The forces of attraction between molecules are not equal (A-A ≠A-B ≠B-B).
Ideal Solutions
Ideal Solutions
Solutions that obey Raoult's Law over the entire range of concentration. The forces of attraction between molecules are equal (A-A = A-B = B-B).
Ideal Solution Mixing Properties
Ideal Solution Mixing Properties
The change in enthalpy upon mixing is zero (ΔHmix = 0), and the change in volume upon mixing is zero (ΔVmix = 0).
Positive Deviation (Non-Ideal)
Positive Deviation (Non-Ideal)
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Negative Deviation (Non-Ideal)
Negative Deviation (Non-Ideal)
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Raoult's Law
Raoult's Law
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Study Notes
- Solutions are of 2 types based on Raoult's law: ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Ideal Solutions
- Follow Raoult's law.
- Force of attraction: A-A = A-B = B-B
- ΔHmix = 0
- ΔVmix = 0
- Example: Benzene + Toluene
- Graphs of partial pressures Pa and Pb versus mole fractions Xa and Xb are linear
- Equations for Pa and Pb:
- Pa = P°a * Xa + 0, which is in the form y = mx + c
- Pb = P°b * Xb + 0, which is in the form y = mx + c
Non-Ideal Solutions
- Do not follow Raoult's law.
- Force of attraction: A-A ≠A-B ≠B-B
- Examples: C2H5OH + H2O and HNO3 + H2O
- Positive Deviation:
- A-A > A-B
- ΔHmix = +ve
- ΔVmix = +ve
- Negative Deviation:
- A-A < A-B
- ΔHmix = -ve
- ΔVmix = -ve
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