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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of a barrier isolator in pharmaceutical compounding?
What is the primary role of a barrier isolator in pharmaceutical compounding?
- To serve as a storage space for compounding materials and equipment.
- To regulate the temperature and humidity of the compounding area.
- To provide a comfortable working environment for compounding personnel.
- To physically separate the compounding area from the surrounding environment. (correct)
Which of the following best describes the airflow within a laminar airflow workbench (LAFW)?
Which of the following best describes the airflow within a laminar airflow workbench (LAFW)?
- Turbulent and multi-directional.
- Unidirectional and at a constant velocity. (correct)
- Alternating between vertical and horizontal.
- Circulating within the enclosure with variable speeds.
What is the recommended minimum frequency for cleaning and disinfecting compounding equipment and work surfaces in a sterile compounding area?
What is the recommended minimum frequency for cleaning and disinfecting compounding equipment and work surfaces in a sterile compounding area?
- At the beginning of each shift, before each batch, and after spills. (correct)
- Only when visibly soiled.
- Once a month.
- Once a week.
Which type of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for personnel involved in sterile compounding to prevent the introduction of contaminants?
Which type of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for personnel involved in sterile compounding to prevent the introduction of contaminants?
What is the purpose of performing regular environmental monitoring in a sterile compounding area?
What is the purpose of performing regular environmental monitoring in a sterile compounding area?
Why is it important to avoid talking or coughing directly into a laminar airflow workbench (LAFW) during sterile compounding?
Why is it important to avoid talking or coughing directly into a laminar airflow workbench (LAFW) during sterile compounding?
In the context of cleaning sterile compounding areas, what does the term 'validated' refer to?
In the context of cleaning sterile compounding areas, what does the term 'validated' refer to?
What is the significance of first air, in the context of sterile compounding?
What is the significance of first air, in the context of sterile compounding?
An operator is preparing to perform aseptic techniques within a laminar airflow workbench (LAFW). After donning sterile gloves, what is the most important next step to ensure proper aseptic technique?
An operator is preparing to perform aseptic techniques within a laminar airflow workbench (LAFW). After donning sterile gloves, what is the most important next step to ensure proper aseptic technique?
What is the key difference between cleaning and disinfecting in the sterile compounding area?
What is the key difference between cleaning and disinfecting in the sterile compounding area?
Flashcards
Levels of Microbial Control
Levels of Microbial Control
Decontamination reduces or removes contamination. Sanitation reduces the number of microorganisms to a safe level. Disinfection kills or inactivates most microorganisms, but not usually spores. Sterilization eliminates all forms of microbial life, including spores.
Spaulding Classification System
Spaulding Classification System
Critical items contact sterile tissue or enter the vascular system; semi-critical items contact mucous membranes or nonintact skin; noncritical items contact intact skin.
Importance of Cleaning
Importance of Cleaning
Cleaning is the physical removal of soil and organic material. It is essential before disinfection and sterilization because organic matter can interfere with the effectiveness of these processes.
Levels of Disinfection
Levels of Disinfection
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Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Oxide
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Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
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Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
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Peracetic Acid
Peracetic Acid
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Study Notes
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF) are the two major fluid compartments in the body, with the ECF further divided into plasma and interstitial fluid (IF).
- Water is the most abundant component of these fluids, serving as a universal solvent.
- Electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate, are present in body fluids, influencing cellular function.
- Non-electrolytes like glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea are also found in body fluids.
- Fluid movement among compartments is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures.
- Water intake is primarily driven by the thirst mechanism, influenced by plasma osmolality.
- The hypothalamus contains the thirst center, which is stimulated by osmoreceptors detecting increased plasma osmolality.
- Thirst is also triggered by a decrease in blood volume or blood pressure.
- ADH, produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, causes the kidneys to conserve water by reducing urine output.
- Factors like fever, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, and burns can lead to dehydration.
- Hypotonic hydration, or water intoxication, results from excessive water intake, leading to hyponatremia.
- Edema, the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, can impair tissue function by increasing diffusion distance for oxygen and nutrients.
- Sodium is the primary cation in the ECF and is crucial for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as neuromuscular excitability.
- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, thus regulating ECF volume.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces sodium reabsorption, leading to increased sodium and water excretion.
- Estrogens enhance sodium reabsorption, potentially leading to water retention during menstrual cycles.
- Potassium is the primary cation in the ICF and is essential for neuromuscular function.
- Hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels) and hypokalemia (low potassium levels) can disrupt heart function.
- Calcium is vital for blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, and neuromuscular excitability.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium.
- Acid-base balance is maintained by chemical buffer systems, the respiratory system, and the kidneys.
- Chemical buffer systems, including the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems, act rapidly to resist pH changes.
- The respiratory system regulates pH by controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.
- The kidneys regulate pH by excreting acids or bases and by generating new bicarbonate ions.
- Acidosis is a condition where arterial pH falls below 7.35, while alkalosis is when it rises above 7.45.
- Respiratory acidosis results from hypoventilation, leading to carbon dioxide retention.
- Respiratory alkalosis results from hyperventilation, leading to excessive carbon dioxide loss.
- Metabolic acidosis can result from excessive loss of bicarbonate ions, accumulation of acids, or failure of the kidneys to excrete acids.
- Metabolic alkalosis is caused by a rise in blood bicarbonate levels.
- Compensation mechanisms attempt to correct acid-base imbalances by adjusting the system not primarily responsible for the imbalance.
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