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What primarily made up the labor force on haciendas in Spanish America?
What primarily made up the labor force on haciendas in Spanish America?
Which of the following factors contributed to the wealth of the local aristocracy in rural areas of Spanish America?
Which of the following factors contributed to the wealth of the local aristocracy in rural areas of Spanish America?
What was the primary export from Spanish America that held significant value in the larger world economy?
What was the primary export from Spanish America that held significant value in the larger world economy?
What was the role of the Board of Trade in Seville?
What was the role of the Board of Trade in Seville?
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What were the typical goods produced by small textile sweatshops in areas like Ecuador and Peru?
What were the typical goods produced by small textile sweatshops in areas like Ecuador and Peru?
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Which city became the main hub for American trade with Spain after the mid-sixteenth century?
Which city became the main hub for American trade with Spain after the mid-sixteenth century?
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How did Spain discourage foreign rivals and pirates in its trade activities?
How did Spain discourage foreign rivals and pirates in its trade activities?
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What primary crops were cultivated on the haciendas in Spanish America?
What primary crops were cultivated on the haciendas in Spanish America?
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What was a significant consequence of miscegenation in Brazil?
What was a significant consequence of miscegenation in Brazil?
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Which structure governed the administrative practices in Brazil?
Which structure governed the administrative practices in Brazil?
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What role did missionary orders, particularly the Jesuits, play in Brazilian society?
What role did missionary orders, particularly the Jesuits, play in Brazilian society?
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What was a key difference between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire regarding their colonies?
What was a key difference between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire regarding their colonies?
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During the Habsburg rule, what was a notable impact on Portugal’s global standing?
During the Habsburg rule, what was a notable impact on Portugal’s global standing?
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What educational facilities were notably absent in Brazil compared to Spanish America?
What educational facilities were notably absent in Brazil compared to Spanish America?
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How did the attachment between Brazil and Portugal differ from that of Spanish America to Spain?
How did the attachment between Brazil and Portugal differ from that of Spanish America to Spain?
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What was one result of the Dutch control over Northeastern Brazil from 1630 to 1654?
What was one result of the Dutch control over Northeastern Brazil from 1630 to 1654?
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What was the primary reason for the decline of the Brazilian sugar industry in the 17th century?
What was the primary reason for the decline of the Brazilian sugar industry in the 17th century?
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What significant natural resource was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1695?
What significant natural resource was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1695?
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What was the population of slaves in Minas Gerais by 1775, relative to the total population?
What was the population of slaves in Minas Gerais by 1775, relative to the total population?
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What was a consequence of the gold rush in Minas Gerais regarding coastal agriculture?
What was a consequence of the gold rush in Minas Gerais regarding coastal agriculture?
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Which administrative center rose to prominence during the gold rush in Brazil?
Which administrative center rose to prominence during the gold rush in Brazil?
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What impact did the influx of immigrants from Portugal have on Rio de Janeiro?
What impact did the influx of immigrants from Portugal have on Rio de Janeiro?
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What factor contributed to the Portuguese government's attempt to control the wealth generated from gold mining?
What factor contributed to the Portuguese government's attempt to control the wealth generated from gold mining?
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How did the discovery of gold influence slavery in Brazil in the 18th century?
How did the discovery of gold influence slavery in Brazil in the 18th century?
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What was the primary outcome of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 regarding Spain?
What was the primary outcome of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 regarding Spain?
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What was the main goal of the Bourbon Reforms initiated by Charles III?
What was the main goal of the Bourbon Reforms initiated by Charles III?
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Which group was primarily targeted for expulsion during the Bourbon Reforms?
Which group was primarily targeted for expulsion during the Bourbon Reforms?
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What significant reform was related to the naval operations during the Bourbon Reforms?
What significant reform was related to the naval operations during the Bourbon Reforms?
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What was a significant change made to the taxation system during the Bourbon Reforms?
What was a significant change made to the taxation system during the Bourbon Reforms?
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What new administrative divisions were created to improve governance in the Bourbon era?
What new administrative divisions were created to improve governance in the Bourbon era?
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What aspect of trade did the Bourbon government still maintain restrictions on after the reforms?
What aspect of trade did the Bourbon government still maintain restrictions on after the reforms?
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Which principle guided the governance style during the period of enlightened despotism under the Bourbons?
Which principle guided the governance style during the period of enlightened despotism under the Bourbons?
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What was one outcome of Pombal's policies despite their initial lack of success?
What was one outcome of Pombal's policies despite their initial lack of success?
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What contributed to the population growth in Spanish America by the end of the 18th century?
What contributed to the population growth in Spanish America by the end of the 18th century?
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Which event highlighted the tensions in New Granada during the 18th century?
Which event highlighted the tensions in New Granada during the 18th century?
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What primarily restricted the American colonies' economic activities?
What primarily restricted the American colonies' economic activities?
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Which factor was NOT a cause of population growth in Brazil by the end of the 18th century?
Which factor was NOT a cause of population growth in Brazil by the end of the 18th century?
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How did tighter tax collection policies impact the Spanish and Portuguese colonies?
How did tighter tax collection policies impact the Spanish and Portuguese colonies?
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What primary issue drove the Comunero Revolt of 1781 in New Granada?
What primary issue drove the Comunero Revolt of 1781 in New Granada?
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What was one of the major consequences of the reforms enacted in the American colonies by the mid-18th century?
What was one of the major consequences of the reforms enacted in the American colonies by the mid-18th century?
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What motivated Pombal's suppression of the Jesuits in 1759?
What motivated Pombal's suppression of the Jesuits in 1759?
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Which of the following actions did Pombal take to stimulate economic growth in Brazil?
Which of the following actions did Pombal take to stimulate economic growth in Brazil?
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How did Pombal's reforms affect the social structure of Brazil?
How did Pombal's reforms affect the social structure of Brazil?
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What role did the Amazonian region play in Pombal’s economic reforms?
What role did the Amazonian region play in Pombal’s economic reforms?
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Which economic policy was prioritized by Pombal to challenge English influence?
Which economic policy was prioritized by Pombal to challenge English influence?
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What was one consequence of Pombal's reforms for the level of slavery in Brazil?
What was one consequence of Pombal's reforms for the level of slavery in Brazil?
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What geographical emphasis did Pombal place on his colonial reforms in Brazil?
What geographical emphasis did Pombal place on his colonial reforms in Brazil?
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What was the primary reason behind Pombal’s efforts to utilize Brazil for the benefit of Portugal?
What was the primary reason behind Pombal’s efforts to utilize Brazil for the benefit of Portugal?
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Study Notes
Labor Force on Haciendas
- Primarily composed of enslaved Africans, indigenous laborers, and mixed-race individuals.
Wealth of the Local Aristocracy
- Land ownership
- Control over labor (enslaved Africans, indigenous laborers)
- Access to valuable resources (e.g., silver, gold, sugar)
Primary Export from Spanish America
- Silver held significant value in the global economy.
Role of the Board of Trade in Seville
- Monopoly control over trade between Spanish America and Spain.
- Regulated all imports and exports to protect Spanish interests.
Goods Produced by Small Textile Sweatshops
- Woven textiles and apparel for local consumption and markets.
Main Hub for American Trade with Spain
- Seville until the mid-sixteenth century.
- Cadiz became the main hub after the mid-sixteenth century.
Spain’s Strategies against Foreign Rivals and Pirates
- Strict trade regulations.
- Naval patrols.
- Fortifications.
Primary Crops Cultivated on Haciendas
- Sugarcane
- Coffee
- Tobacco
- Cotton
Consequence of Miscegenation in Brazil
- Emergence of a diverse population with varying degrees of racial mixing.
Governing Structure of Brazil
- Council of Portugal.
Role of Missionary Orders in Brazilian Society
- Spread of Christianity among indigenous populations.
- Educational and social services.
Key Difference between Portuguese and Spanish Empires
- Portuguese colonization focused on large-scale agricultural production, particularly sugarcane plantations.
- Spanish colonization centered on mining and urban development.
Impact of Habsburg Rule on Portugal
- Decline in Portugal's global influence.
- Economic stagnation.
Educational Facilities Missing in Brazil
- Universities.
Attachment between Brazil and Portugal vs. Spanish America and Spain
- Stronger bond between Brazil and Portugal due to close cultural and linguistic ties.
Outcome of Dutch Control over Northeastern Brazil
- Introduction of new agricultural techniques and trade relationships.
Decline of the Brazilian Sugar Industry
- Competition from other sugar-producing regions.
- Depletion of soil fertility.
- Labor shortages due to slave rebellions and escapes.
Significant Natural Resource Discovered in Minas Gerais
- Gold.
Population of Slaves in Minas Gerais
- Approx. 80% of Minas Gerais' population by 1775 was composed of slaves.
Consequence of the Gold Rush
- Decline in coastal agricultural production as laborers flocked to the gold mines.
Administrative Center Prominent During the Gold Rush
- Rio de Janeiro became the leading administrative center.
Impact of Portuguese Immigrants on Rio de Janeiro
- Population growth and social and cultural transformations.
Portuguese Government’s Attempt to Control Gold Wealth
- Imposing strict taxes on gold production.
- Establishing a monopoly on gold exports.
Influence of Gold on Slavery in Brazil
- Increased demand for slave labor in mining operations.
Outcome of the Treaty of Utrecht
- Spain ceded territories to Portugal and Great Britain.
Goal of the Bourbon Reforms
- Strengthen the Spanish Empire and improve its administration and economy.
Group Targeted for Expulsion During the Bourbon Reforms
- The Jesuit order was expelled from Spain and its overseas colonies.
Naval Reform During the Bourbon Reforms
- Modernization of naval operations and the establishment of new naval bases.
Change to the Taxation System
- Implementation of new taxes and revenue-collecting mechanisms.
New Administrative Divisions
- Intendencias replaced the existing administrative system.
Restrictions Maintained During the Bourbon Reforms
- Restrictions on trade with countries outside the Spanish Empire.
Principle Guiding Governance under Enlightened Despotism
- Rationalism and the application of scientific principles to government affairs.
Outcome of Pombal’s Policies
- Stimulated economic growth and modernization despite initial challenges.
Population Growth in Spanish America
- Expansion of agriculture and introduction of new crops.
- Improved health conditions.
Tensions in New Granada
- The Comunero Revolt of 1781 highlighted the unrest caused by taxation policies and social inequalities.
Restriction of American Colonies Economic Activities
- Monopolies and restrictive trade policies enforced by Spain and Portugal.
Population Growth in Brazil (Factors NOT Contributing)
- Increased immigration from other regions.
- Reduction in mortality rates.
Impact of Tighter Tax Collection Policies
- Increased resentment among the population.
- Fueled political unrest.
Cause of the Comunero Revolt
- Opposition to unfair tax burdens imposed by the Spanish government.
Consequence of Reforms in the American Colonies
- Increased political and economic awareness among the colonial population.
Pombal’s Motivation Behind Jesuit Suppression
- Perceived political and economic threat posed by the Jesuit order.
Pombal’s Actions to Stimulate Economic Growth
- Encouraging agricultural diversification.
- Investing in infrastructure.
- Promoting mining operations.
Impact of Pombal’s Reforms on Social Structure
- Increased social mobility for some groups.
- Perpetuation of racial and social inequalities.
Amazonian Region’s Role in Economic Reforms
- Development of rubber plantations and exploitation of natural resources.
Economic Policy Prioritized by Pombal
- Mercantilism, aiming to strengthen Portuguese control of the colonies.
Consequence of Pombal’s Reforms on Slavery
- Expansion of slavery to meet the needs of the growing agricultural and mining sectors.
Geographical Emphasis of Pombal’s Reforms
- Focus on expanding economic activities in the interior of Brazil.
Reason for Pombal’s Utilization of Brazil
- To generate wealth for Portugal and strengthen its position as a global power.
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