IB Biology SL 1 Final Exam Review 2024

IB Biology SL 1 - Fall 2024 Final Exam Review

• Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher.

• Dependent Variable: The variable that is measured or observed.

• Control Group: The group that does not receive the treatment or manipulation. Used for comparison.

• Null Hypothesis: A statement that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables.

• Constant: A factor that is kept the same throughout the experiment.

• Standard Deviation: A measure of the amount of variability or spread of data around the mean.

  • Low standard deviation: Indicates that the data points are clustered close to the mean. A consistent result implies the experiment is reliable.
  • High standard deviation: Indicates that the data points are spread out far from the mean. The experiment's result is less reliable due to inconsistency.

• Standard Error of the Mean (SEM): A measure of the variability of the sample mean. Indicates the precision in measuring the mean.

  • Low SEM: Data points are tightly clustered around the sample mean. Indicates higher precision.
  • High SEM: Data points are widely spread around the sample mean. Suggests less precision or more variability in the experiment.
    • Overlapping error bars: Suggest that the observed difference might not be statistically significant.
    • Non-overlapping error bars: Suggests a statistically significant difference between the means.

• Qualitative Data: Descriptive data, often involving categories or qualities.

  • Examples: Color, texture, shape, presence/absence of a characteristic.

• Quantitative Data: Numerical data.

  • Examples: Temperature, mass, height, counts, measurements.

• Deductive Reasoning: Starts with a general theory and predicts specific outcomes.

• Inductive Reasoning: Starts with specific observations and forms general conclusions.

• Major Functional Groups: Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl.

• Deoxyribose vs. Ribose: Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the 2' carbon. Key difference.

• Base Pairing in DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C). Complementary base pairs.

• Molecular Structures: Draw and label the structures to learn how to identify these molecules yourself.

• Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats: Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.

• Primary Structure of Proteins: Influences the higher structures (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) and, subsequently, the protein's function.

• Bonds Between DNA Base Pairs: Hydrogen bonds.

  • A-T: 2 hydrogen bonds.
  • G-C: 3 hydrogen bonds.
  • G-C bonds: Stronger than A-T bonds.

• Functions of Biological Molecules:

  • Carbohydrates: Energy source, structure (e.g., cellulose).
  • Lipids: Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure.
  • Proteins: Enzymes, structure (e.g., keratin), transport, defense.
  • Nucleic Acids: Genetic information storage.

• Enzyme Factors Affecting Rate: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration.

  • Temperature: Optimal temperature. Denaturation is an extreme case.
  • pH: Optimal pH. Denaturation occurs at extreme values.

• Chemical Bonds: Define and distinguish these.

• Water Properties: Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, less dense as a solid.

• Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibitors: Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site, changing the enzyme's shape.

• Hydrolysis & Dehydration Synthesis: Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water; dehydration synthesis forms molecules by removing water.

• Protein Synthesis Organelles: Ribosomes, Rough ER.

• Compartmentalization: Organelles in eukaryotic cells isolate chemical reactions to maintain optimal processes.

• Plant vs. Animal Cells: Similarities and differences in structure (organelles present) and function.

• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Similarities and differences in structure (organelle types).

• Organelle Functions: Describe each organelle's function.

• Cell Membrane: Selectivity and recognition are related properties that control what comes in and out of a cell.

• Cell Volume & Surface Area: Small surface area to volume ratio limits transport.

• Solutions: Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.

• Transport Systems: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport.

  • Simple diffusion: Molecules move passively down their concentration gradient.
  • Facilitated diffusion: Molecules move across membrane with the help of carrier proteins.
  • Active transport: Molecules move against their concentration gradient. Requires energy.

• Plasma Membrane Permeability: Lipid-soluble molecules can easily pass through.

• Sodium-Potassium Pumps: Active transport system that maintains ion gradients across the cell membrane

• Cotransport: One substance moves down its gradient, providing energy for another substance to move up its gradient.

• ATP in Active Transport: Provides energy to power the movement of molecules.

• Animal Cell Processes: Lysis, crenation

• Plant Cell Processes: Plasmolysis, turgor pressure.

• Endocytosis & Exocytosis: Endocytosis is the uptake of a substance; Exocytosis is the release of a substance.

• Plant pH Changes: Decreasing pH is harmful to plants.

• Catabolism & Anabolism: Catabolism breaks down molecules; anabolism builds them up.

• Osmosis & Aquaporins: Aquaporins increase water transport.

• Cell Membrane Structure & Label: Include a labeled diagram.

• Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate: Concentration gradient, temperature, size of molecules, surface area.

• Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Equations: Write and label each.

• Cellular Respiration Steps: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, products.

• Sunlight's Role in Photosynthesis: Sunlight provides the energy for the process.

• Fermentation Processes: Lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation.

• Chlorophyll (a & b): Explain the roles of each kind of chlorophyll in energy absorption in photosynthesis.

Prepare for your IB Biology SL 1 final exam with this comprehensive review. This quiz covers essential concepts like independent and dependent variables, control groups, hypotheses, and statistical measures such as standard deviation and standard error. Test your understanding and ensure you're ready for the exam!