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Questions and Answers

In cats, what is the likely consequence if the upper lip falls inward during occlusion?

  • The molars will effectively grind food into smaller pieces.
  • Improved holding and carrying of objects with the premolars.
  • Enhanced ability to cradle the tongue during grooming.
  • Excoriation or puncture wounds due to the lower canine occluding lateral to the displaced lip. (correct)

A veterinarian is examining a dog and notices a bite defect where the tip of the upper premolar does not align with the interdental space on the lower jaw. What condition might this indicate?

  • The dog has an impacted molar requiring immediate extraction.
  • The dog's bite force is within the normal range of 300-800 psi.
  • The dog may have mandibular prognathism (underbite) or brachygnathism (overbite). (correct)
  • The dog is likely experiencing severe dental caries.

According to the Modified Triadan System, which digit indicates if a tooth is permanent or deciduous?

  • The first digit indicates the quadrant and whether the tooth is permanent (1-4) or deciduous (5-8). (correct)
  • Permanent teeth are numbered 5-8, while deciduous teeth are numbered 1-4.
  • The second and third digits indicate if a tooth is permanent or deciduous.
  • Specific number sequences determine tooth position relative to the midline.

In the Modified Triadan System, what do the second and third digits typically denote for tooth numbering in dogs?

<p>The position of the tooth in the quadrant, starting at the midline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to other species, how does the tooth number in cats typically differ, and what is a definite landmark that helps in numbering teeth in other species?

<p>Cats have a reduced tooth number; the central incisor is landmarked as 01. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a key difference between incisors and canines in dogs?

<p>Incisors decrease in size moving rostrally, while canines are large, curved, and laterally compressed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In brachycephalic dog breeds, what dental characteristic is commonly observed regarding their cheek teeth?

<p>Fused roots in their canine cheek teeth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional adaptation observed in horse teeth due to their continuous and considerable wear?

<p>Delayed root development and continuous eruption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dental feature is characteristic of herbivores, particularly in relation to the portion of the tooth that remains concealed?

<p>The crown remains concealed below the gumline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'carnassial' teeth in dogs, and which specific teeth are modified to form this structure?

<p>They are modified for tearing and shearing meat, formed by the upper premolar 4 and lower molar 1. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the non-glandular region in a horse's stomach?

<p>Mechanical breakdown of food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reticulum's honeycomb appearance is primarily due to which structural feature?

<p>The arrangement of mucosal layers into short and tall folds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main functional difference between the small intestine and the colon?

<p>The small intestine has villi for absorption and digestion, while the colon mainly absorbs water and electrolytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of enamel that contributes to its strength and durability?

<p>96% inorganic composition primarily of hydroxyapatite. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types would you expect to find within the epithelium lining the villi of the small intestine?

<p>Enterocytes and goblet cells for absorption and secretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the epithelium of the reticulum protect against abrasion?

<p>By possessing a keratinized stratified squamous layer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lamellae in the omasum?

<p>Dividing the lumen into narrow recesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike the rumen and equine stomach, the canine stomach performs both mechanical and chemical digestion due to the presence of what?

<p>Mucosal glands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulp found within a tooth?

<p>To provide a means of blood, nutrient, and nerve supply to the tooth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer(s) of the tunica muscularis are present in the Reticulum?

<p>Two thick layers of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the tubuloalveolar glands found in the cranial region of the equine esophagus wall?

<p>Providing lubrication to aid in the passage of food. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do conchae contribute to the functionality of the nasal cavity?

<p>By increasing the surface area for olfaction and warming inhaled air. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction regarding the connection of paranasal sinuses in domestic species?

<p>Direct connections between left and right sinuses are typically absent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In horses, how does the relationship between cheek teeth and maxillary sinuses change with age, and what effect does this have?

<p>Cheek teeth erupt and then grow, reducing the space occupied by maxillary sinuses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the frontal and maxillary sinuses in horses?

<p>The frontal sinus communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus, which then connects to the middle nasal meatus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the complexity of the ethmoid turbinate generally differ between carnivores and herbivores, and what is the functional significance of this difference?

<p>Carnivores have more complex ethmoid turbinates, which supports a better sense of smell for hunting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses as diverticula of the nasal cavity?

<p>To lighten the skull and provide cushioning, while also contributing to thermal insulation of the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the maxillary sinus connect in horses?

<p>Middle nasal meatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the continuously erupting canine 'tusk' in pigs?

<p>Digging and tearing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of elephant molar enamel contributes most to its resistance to wear from extensive chewing?

<p>Highly folded structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the retro-articular process in the temporomandibular joint?

<p>Preventing caudal dislocation of the mandibular condyle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mandibular symphysis contribute to the function of the jaw in dogs and ruminants?

<p>It provides independent rotation between the left and right halves of the mandible, crucial for biting bone/flesh or grass/stone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve innervates the caudal belly of the digastricus muscle, and from which pharyngeal arch does it derive?

<p>Facial nerve (CN 7), 2nd pharyngeal arch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is primarily associated with the temporalis muscle?

<p>Pulling the mandible dorsally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two muscles, working together, facilitate lateral translation of the mandible?

<p>Masseter and Lateral Pterygoid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the turbinate bones within the nasal cavity?

<p>Warming the air before it enters the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which animal does the nasal septum join the entire hard palate, extending into the pharynx?

<p>Horse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle does NOT directly contribute to closing the jaw?

<p>Buccinator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely consequence of damage to the trigeminal nerve (CN 5) affecting the muscles of mastication?

<p>Impaired jaw closure and chewing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the shape and arrangement of premolars and molars in pigs relate to their diet?

<p>Rounded cusps for crushing and grinding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In oxen, what replaces the upper canine and incisor teeth?

<p>A hard, fibrous dental pad. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does head conformation affect the size of the nasal cavity?

<p>Long heads typically correlate with elongated nasal cavities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the upper and lower incisors of an ox?

<p>Upper incisors are replaced by a dental pad, while lower incisors are present. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During prehension in domestic animals, which combination of structures and actions is most accurate?

<p>Lips, teeth, and tongue work together with head and jaw movement to get food into the mouth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The zygomaticus muscle plays what role in prehension?

<p>Retracting the angle of the mouth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific function of the buccinator muscle during mastication?

<p>Keeping food between the upper and lower molar teeth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of events in deglutition?

<p>Voluntary initiation followed by involuntary passage through the pharynx. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is examining a dog and notes a prominent single line in the midline of the hard palate. What is the correct term for this structure and its primary function?

<p>Palatine raphe; structural support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are horses unable to vomit under normal conditions?

<p>Their cardiac sphincter has a one-way valve preventing reverse flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During swallowing, what is the role of soft palate and epiglottis?

<p>The soft palate closes the nasopharynx while the epiglottis prevents food from entering the larynx. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures mark the boundaries of the oral cavity?

<p>The lips to the pharynx. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Contact Surface

The surface where adjacent teeth make contact.

Occlusal Surface

The chewing surface where upper and lower teeth meet.

Incisor (Dog)

Upper: tricuspid; Lower: bi-lobed; Single root; Smaller rostrally

Canine (Dog)

Large, curved, laterally compressed; Length: root > crown; Single root; Top stone of arch

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Premolar (Dog)

Irregular, closely spaced; Complex, larger caudally; Discontinuous cutting crown

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Prehension

Getting food into the mouth.

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Mastication

Mechanical breakdown of food mixed with saliva.

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Deglutition

The act of swallowing; voluntary initial phase, involuntary remaining phases.

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Zygomaticus Muscle

Retracts the mouth angle (jaw).

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Levator labii superioris

Elevates and draws the upper lip to one side.

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Buccinator Muscle

Keeps food between upper and lower molar teeth.

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Orbicularis Oris

Closes lips to help gather food.

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Epiglottis

Cartilage flap that covers the trachea during swallowing.

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Canine Excoriation (Cats)

Inward fall of the upper lip when lower canine occludes lateral to it, leading to skin abrasions.

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Canine Functions

Holding prey, display, slashing & tearing when fighting, cradle (shelter) for tongue.

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Premolar Function

Holding, carrying, and breaking down food into smaller pieces

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Molar Function

Grinding food into smaller pieces using a flat occlusal (biting) surface.

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Modified Triadan System

A consistent dental numbering system across species, based on the permanent dentition of a pig.

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Turbinate Bone

Bone within the nasal cavity covered by mucosa.

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Nasal Conchae

Foldings of the inner nasal wall that compartmentalize the nasal cavity into meatuses.

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Paranasal Sinuses

Cavities in the skull bones that are outfoldings of the nasal cavity.

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Frontal Sinus

Sinus that communicates with ehmoid meatus.

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Maxillary Sinus

Sinus associated with the hard palate, sphenoid bone, orbit, and ventral concha.

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Drainage Pathway in Horse

The location where the frontal sinus drains into the middle meatus in horses.

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Tubuloalveolar Glands

Dense cranially located glands in the oesophagus wall for lubrication.

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Rostral Shift

When teeth shift rostrally with age.

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Salivary Gland

Secretes saliva, composed of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

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Mucosa Layer

Innermost layer; contains lamina propria and crypts of Lieberkühn.

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Gastric Gland

Secretes gastric juice which contains enzymes like HCl to activate pepsin (protein digesting enzyme).

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Reticulum Features

Contains short and tall folds in the mucosal layer, creating a ‘honeycomb’ appearance. Protects against abrasion.

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Omasum Structure

Divides lumen into narrow recesses. Contains small, lenticular papillae (biconvex).

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Colon Function

Involved in absorption of water and electrolytes.

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Enamel Location & Composition

Covers the crown and meets the root at the cemento-enamel junction. 96% inorganic.

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Pulp Composition

Living tissue within the tooth; contains nerves, lymph, blood vessels, and connective tissue.

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Cemento-Enamel Junction (CEJ)

Crown portion covered by enamel; site where crown meets the root.

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Small intestine function

Absorption & digestion

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Ox Dental Pad

Upper canine and incisors are replaced by a hard, fibrous dental pad.

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Ox Incisor Eruption

Incisors erupt continuously.

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Pig Premolars & Molars

Rounded cusps on premolars and molars adapted for crushing and grinding food.

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Elephant Tooth Enamel

Enamel is highly folded, providing resistance to immense wear.

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Jaw Articulation

Allows the jaw to move around during chewing.

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Temporomandibular Joint

The joint between the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the skull.

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Mandibular Symphysis

Fibrous joint between the left and right halves of the mandible, allowing independent rotation.

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Digastricus Muscle

Opens the jaw.

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Digastricus Innervation

A muscle with two bellies innervated by cranial nerve 7 (Facial) and the mandibular branch of cranial nerve 5 (Trigeminal).

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Temporalis Muscle

Closes jaw, originating on the lateral cranium and inserting on the coronoid process.

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Masseter Muscle

Closes jaw, originating on the maxillary of the skull/zygomatic arch and inserting on the caudal mandible; it can also protrude jaw.

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Pterygoid Muscles

Close jaw; one-sided contraction moves jaw left/right and provides lateral translation

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External Nose

Rostral end of the nasal cavity, made of flexible cartilage and unmodified skin.

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Nasal Septum

Separates the paired nasal cavities, made of bone caudally and cartilage rostrally.

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Study Notes

Headgut, Pharynx & Larynx

  • Headgut includes the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx
  • Responsible for food prehension, mastication, and deglutition

Prehension

  • The process of getting food into the mouth
  • Domestic animals use their lips, teeth, tongue, and head/jaw movements for prehension

Mastication

  • Mechanical breakdown of food
  • Food is mixed with saliva during mastication

Deglutition

  • The act of swallowing
  • Initial phase is voluntary
  • Remaining phases (passing the soft pellet through the pharynx) are involuntary

Oral Cavity

  • The start of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
  • Extends from the lips to the pharynx (naso- and oropharynx)
  • Contains the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands

Oral Cavity Musculature

  • Zygomaticus muscle retracts the mouth angle.
  • Levator labii superioris muscle elevates the upper lip and draws it to one side.
  • Buccinator muscle keeps food between the upper and lower molar teeth.
  • Orbicularis oris muscle closes the lips and helps gather food

Salivary Glands

  • Located across the headgut including the cheek, tongue, lip, oesophagus, soft palate, and pharynx
  • Produce serous (watery), mucous (viscous, foamy, and bigger), and mixed secretions
  • Saliva contains water, amylase, NaHCO3, antimicrobial agents, and lingual lipase

Salivary Gland Innervation

  • Sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction and decreases production
  • Parasympathetic innervation via facial (CN 7), glossopharyngeal (CN 9), and trigeminal (CN 5) nerves increases flow through vasodilation

Monostomatic Salivary Glands

  • Away from the oral cavity via a singular connective duct

Polystomatic Salivary Glands

  • Have multiple openings that are adjacent, lacking a duct

Major Salivary Glands

  • Parotid gland: located near the mouth, serous in horses and ruminants, mixed in dogs
  • Mandibular gland: located near the neck, mixed
  • Sublingual gland (caudal and rostral): located across the mouth ventrally, mixed

Minor Salivary Glands

  • Palatine glands: located on the Palatine bone
  • Labial glands: secrete mucous
  • Lingual glands: located on the Tongue, secrete mucous
  • Buccal glands: secrete mucous

Tongue

  • Fills the oral cavity and oropharynx
  • Composed of striated muscle for mobile, voluntary contraction
  • Supported by the hyoid bone (caudally)
  • Used for grooming, lapping, prehension, deglutition, and vocalization
  • Contains taste buds for taste and temperature sensation and to mix food with saliva
  • More muscular near the root (caudal, back) than the tip
  • Highly vascularized

Tongue Musculature

  • Intrinsic muscles are dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles within the mouth
  • Extrinsic muscles:
    • Styloglossus: retracts and elevates the tongue
    • Genioglossus: protrudes and depresses the tongue
    • Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses the tongue
    • Geniohyoideus: located below the tongue, draws the hyoid and the tongue forward

Tongue Innervation

  • Movement: hypoglossal nerve (CN 12.)
  • Sensory:
    • Rostral 2/3: temp., touch, and pain via lingual branch of trigeminal (CN 5)
    • Caudal 1/3: taste via glossopharyngeal (CN 9)

Hyoid Apparatus

  • Larynx (voice box) is located between the pharynx and trachea
  • Five different bones that are either paired or unpaired. - Basihyoid: connects both sides - Paired (both sides of neck): Stylohyoid - Epihyoid - Ceratohyoid - Thyrohyoid: articulate w/ thyroid cartilage of larynx
  • Supports and holds the larynx in place and is an attachment for the pharynx and tongue

Laryngeal Cartilage

  • Within the larynx and provides rigidity & stability
  • There are unpaired and paired cartilages
    • Unpaired: Epiglottis Thyroid: Adams apple, protects voice box Cricoid
    • Paired: Arytenoid: Cuneiform, corniculate, vocal & muscular processes

Laryngeal Muscles

  • Assist in swallowing when elevating / depressing larynx
  • Move individual parts of larynx for breathing and phonation (vocalisation) - Ventricularis: Vocal fold adduction and glottis constriction - Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis: Abduction of arytenoid cartilage opening glottis for easy breathing - Thyroarytenoideus - Vocalis: Control of vocal cords (bird: syrinx), contract air passes through

Laryngeal Innervation

  • Cranial & caudal laryngeal nerves (from vagus nerve CN 10.) - Damage to these nerves results in roaring (horse) because air passes through noise

Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

  • A disease common in dogs
  • Characteristics include;
    • Shortened nostril
    • Difficulties in thermoregulation and filtering
    • Extremely elongated soft pellet: blocks the entrance to the larynx and trachea causing; Difficulty in breathing, snoring
  • Can be improved through BOAS surgery
    • BOAS surgery involves making cuts around the nose and removing part of the soft pellet
      • Expands potential for breathing thus Improve life quality, extend life expectancy

Dentition

  • Heterodont dentition defines varying teeth types distinguished within different regions of the mouth
  • Gum recedes with age thus exposing cervical parts non-enamel coated tooth
  • Dentition in herbivores is categorized by crown remaining concealed below gumline
  • Types contact surface :
    • Adjacent teeth touch thus Occlusal surface: teeth meet via opposing (up & down)

Tooth Form

  • Incisors are upper tricuspid, lower bi-lobed and are single rooted
  • Canine teeth: laterally compressed, contain root, the top stone of the arch assists in providing integrity
  • Premolars are irregular
  • Molars are broader

Diphyodonts

  • Have two sets of teeth (deciduous, then permanent)

Polyphyodonts

  • Have more than two sets of teeth

Monophyodonts

  • Lose teeth
  • Do not maintain cell reservoir for tooth replacement

Tooth Age

  • Based on diet, weaning time and life time contributing to rough ageing and determination of sexual maturity
  • carnivores has large mouths
  • Dentition in horses is not as dependent

Tooth Numbering

  • 11 teeth present
  • 3 inciscesors, canine, 4 premolars, 3 molars

Rodent and Lagomorph Molars

  • Have zero canine attachments
  • Large distema
  • Zero pulp and cavities

Ox Dentition

  • Absence canine and incisors- replaced with dental pad
  • Incisors
  • Molars- similar to the the dentition of horses

Pig Dentition

  • Long incisors
  • Continuously erupting
  • Molars-rounded cusp grinding

Masticatory Muscles

  • Allows jaw to move around
    • Temporomandibular joint -Mandibular -Allows left and right movement

Jaw Muscles

  • Opens- Digrastricus

Paranasal Sinuses

  • All domestic species -Frontal ethmoid meatus + Horse sinuses via via cadual maxillary -Maxillary cadual and lateral of the upper jaw + Horse connects middle nasal meatus

Esophagus Lining

  • Consist of Tubuloalveolar gland
  • Composed of Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Glands

  • Does NOT possesed muscosal gland in some regions

The 4 main layers

  • Mucosa and submucosa
  • Tunica muscularis
  • Serosa

Intestine Structure

Contains isolated islands of tissue surrounded by epithetlia, with Simple columnar cells for secreting

Stomach Structure

  • Mucous filled chambers that contain different cell types

Mastication cases

Diagnosis via Swollen sinus from Tooth root abscess Diagnosed from: Normal rum, Runny nose, Normal Body Contion Score and loses, Sunked from Temporalis muscle atrophy arising from the trigeminal nerve Eyelid & lower lip drooping arising from cranial damage

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