Module 3 - Part B

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of recognizing provisions in financial statements?

  • To provide insight into an entity's existing obligations (correct)
  • To calculate tax liabilities accurately
  • To minimize financial disclosures
  • To maximize reported revenues

Which of the following is NOT covered by IAS 37?

  • Contingent liabilities
  • Onerous contracts
  • Income taxes (correct)
  • Financial instruments (correct)

What is a characteristic of executory contracts as defined in IAS 37?

  • Contracts with contingent liabilities
  • Both parties have fully completed their obligations
  • Only one party has completed obligations
  • Neither party has performed any obligations (correct)

Which measurement approach is emphasized when addressing risks and uncertainties in provisions?

<p>Use of probability in measurement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of provisions requires extensive disclosures according to IAS 37?

<p>Nature and likelihood of outflows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of contracts would IAS 37 apply to, except for certain exceptions?

<p>Executory contracts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason managers might exploit uncertainty in provisions?

<p>To manipulate reported accounting numbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the scope of IAS 37?

<p>It applies to all provisions except for those covered by other standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method used to calculate the best estimate of warranty provision for a large population of items?

<p>Expected value method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be used to calculate the provision for a single warranty claim according to IAS 37?

<p>Most likely outcome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of discount rate is required when calculating provisions under IAS 37?

<p>Pre-tax rate reflecting current market assessments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to IAS 37, what is the appropriate action concerning uncertainty in provisions?

<p>Avoid overstatement of liabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does IAS 37 suggest estimating the amount for provisions when considering future technology?

<p>Estimate based on current available technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of warranty provisions, if an entity expects the following outcomes: 80% have no defects, 15% have minor defects, 5% have major defects, what is the probability of incurring a cost due to major defects?

<p>5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected value calculation for a warranty claim if each claim costs $100 with a 70% likelihood, and a 30% chance results in no cost?

<p>$7,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional information should entities disclose about each class of provision according to IAS 37?

<p>Nature of the obligation and expected timing of outflows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should NOT be adjusted when calculating the discount rate for provisions under IAS 37?

<p>Future cash flow estimates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can quantified information be verified according to IAS 37?

<p>Using a range of possible amounts and related probabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of IAS 37's disclosure requirements regarding provisions?

<p>To assist users in understanding potential earnings manipulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is suggested by IAS 37 regarding the handling of estimates for provisions?

<p>Reassess estimates based on new information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining a provision, which component does IAS 37 NOT advise to ignore?

<p>Time value of money when material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption is essential for the recognition of a provision according to IAS 37?

<p>The timing or amount of the obligation must have a significant level of uncertainty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required when disclosing the amount of any expected reimbursement for a provision?

<p>The amount and the corresponding asset recognized must be disclosed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of provisions, which statement best describes the management's estimates?

<p>They may involve significant subjectivity and discretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IAS 37 state regarding exemptions for disclosure requirements?

<p>Exemptions are applicable only in extremely rare cases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the provision for warranties be measured according to IAS 37?

<p>Using the best estimate considering the uncertainty of future claims. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do disclosure requirements of IAS 37 have on earnings management?

<p>They reduce the scope for manipulation of provisions significantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of provisions is directly related to future product claims based on sales?

<p>Provision for warranties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why management estimates for provisions can be challenging?

<p>Historical information may not always predict future claims accurately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the provision for restructuring as noted in the financial statements?

<p>Costs associated with voluntary redundancy and direct closure costs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a provision for legal claims reflect in the financial statements?

<p>An obligation due to an unfavorable judgment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the unwinding of a discount in the context of provisions?

<p>To reflect the time value of money in the measurement of provisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a class of provisions?

<p>Provision for dividends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor may lead to the creation of a provision for warranties?

<p>Historical warranty claims and trends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Spring Valley Ltd recognize the provision for legal claims based on a court judgment?

<p>20X2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria must be met for a provision to be recognized according to IAS 37?

<p>A reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a provision from other types of liabilities?

<p>Provisions have uncertain timing or amount. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would most likely be classified as a contingent liability?

<p>An unrecognized warranty obligation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly reflects the role of past events in recognizing provisions?

<p>A present obligation arises from a past event that makes it likely that an outflow will occur. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a liability that should not be recognized as a provision?

<p>Accrued payroll expenses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to IAS 37, which of the following is necessary for the recognition of a provision as a present obligation?

<p>It must result from a past event that could lead to resource outflow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following obligations does not qualify as a constructive obligation under IAS 37?

<p>A bank's legal obligation to honor customer deposits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does not contribute to determining whether an obligation is a liability or provision?

<p>The expectation of future economic benefits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration that prevents certain liabilities from being classified as provisions?

<p>There is a significant level of certainty regarding timing or amount. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of IAS 37, which scenario would most likely lead to recognizing a provision?

<p>A company deciding to discontinue a service with potential costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is specific to a ‘constructive obligation’?

<p>It results from the entity's actions, creating valid expectations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a contingent liability be disclosed in the financial statements?

<p>When it is possible but not probable that an obligation exists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason a company might fail to recognize a provision?

<p>Lack of historical data for estimating the obligation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implies a present obligation according to IAS 37?

<p>A duty that the entity is practically unable to avoid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What methods can be used to derive the best estimate for provisions?

<p>Expected-value method and most likely outcome method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can management potentially manipulate financial statements regarding provisions?

<p>By underestimating provision amounts to reduce total liabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of revised estimates on warranty expenses according to the example provided?

<p>Warranty expenses decrease by $1500 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between provisions and financial reporting?

<p>The disclosure of provisions helps explain the timing and likelihood of cash outflows. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions is a provision recognized according to IAS 37?

<p>When an obligation exists as a result of a past event that is probable to require an outflow of benefits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do technological advancements have on earnings management according to the content?

<p>They increase the chances of detecting manipulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the measurement of provisions?

<p>Management's estimates must be free of subjectivity and error. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should financial statement users be mindful of regarding the measurement of provisions?

<p>The inherent uncertainty and subjectivity in the measurement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expected-value method determine as the best estimate in the example provided?

<p>$5500 in total provision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the specific criteria for recognizing a provision under IAS 37?

<p>The amount must be reliably estimable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a legal obligation?

<p>It requires an external party's legal right to enforce it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a constructive obligation differ from a legal obligation?

<p>It creates expectation based on past actions rather than legal enforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an entity to recognize a provision according to IAS 37?

<p>A reliability of measurement must exist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario should a manufacturer recognize a provision for warranties according to IAS 37?

<p>When claims are expected based on industry research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an entity typically measure provisions involving a large population of items?

<p>By applying the expected value method with associated probabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'present obligation' include according to the Conceptual Framework?

<p>Obligations arising from normal business practices or customs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a provision be considered reliably measurable?

<p>The entity can establish a range of possible outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered in determining the best estimate of a provision?

<p>Personal beliefs of stakeholders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the outcome for provisions where it is uncertain but probable that claims will be made?

<p>They should be recognized as a liability in financial statements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a provision to be recognized according to TAS 37?

<p>A reliable estimate must be made of the expenditure required. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a circumstance leading to a constructive obligation?

<p>Legally binding agreements explicitly stating the company's obligations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining a provision for a single obligation, what is the preferred approach?

<p>Using the most likely outcome as the best estimate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first criterion for recognizing provisions under IAS 37?

<p>An obligation must exist that requires settlement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Provision

An amount set aside for probable future expenses or losses.

IAS 37

International Accounting Standard for provisions, contingent liabilities and assets.

Recognition of Provisions

Criteria for recognizing a provision include existence and likelihood of outflows.

Measurement of Provisions

Involves estimating the expenditure required to settle obligations.

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Contingent Liabilities

Possible obligations that may arise from past events.

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Disclosure Requirements

Obligations to report details on provisions in financial statements.

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Executory Contracts

Contracts where neither party has fully performed their obligations.

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Onerous Contracts

Contracts where costs exceed any economic benefit.

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Present Obligation

An obligation that requires an entity to pay or perform based on legal or constructive factors.

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Legal Obligation

An obligation enforced by law that requires an entity to fulfill specific actions or payments.

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Constructive Obligation

An obligation based on expectations created by an entity’s actions, creating valid expectations in others.

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Conceptual Framework

A system that guides the definition and recognition of liabilities in accounting.

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Probable Outflow

The likelihood that economic resources will be required to settle an obligation.

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Reliable Measurement

The ability to make a sufficiently accurate estimate of an obligation's amount.

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Best Estimate

The rational amount an entity expects to pay to settle an obligation.

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Expected Value

A statistical method to estimate a provision involving many items by weighting outcomes by probability.

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Single Obligation

A distinct responsibility that can often be estimated by the most likely outcome.

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Judgement of Management

The process by which management determines the appropriate estimates for provisions based on experience.

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Industry Research

Analysis and data from industry standards used to forecast claims or obligations.

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Financial Statements

Reports summarizing an entity's financial performance and position, including provisions.

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Environmental Remediation

Actions taken by an entity to correct environmental harm, possibly beyond legal requirements.

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Obligations from Custom

Responsibilities arising from general business practices or customs, not formal agreements.

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Onerous Lease

A lease that becomes disadvantageous before its start date.

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Short-term Leases

Leases that are not considered onerous due to their duration.

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Low Value Assets

Assets that are not significant in monetary terms within leases.

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Liabilities

Present obligations to transfer an economic resource due to past events.

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Past Event

An occurrence that creates a present obligation for the entity.

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Uncertainty in Provisions

Key element in determining if a liability should be classified as a provision.

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Contingent Liability

A liability that may occur, based on the outcome of a future event.

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Reliable Estimate

A reasonably dependable forecast of an obligation's timing or amount.

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Legal or Constructive Obligation

Obligations arising from laws or prior actions that compel action.

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Present Obligation Guidelines

Criteria for determining if a past event has resulted in a current obligation.

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Past Event Evidence

Information available that supports the existence of a present obligation.

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Binding Contract

A legal agreement requiring the parties to fulfill obligations.

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Mid-point Estimate

The middle value in a continuous range of possible outcomes used for estimating provisions.

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Expected Value Method

A statistical method used to calculate the best estimate based on probabilities of different outcomes.

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Probability of Claims

The likelihood of warranty claims being substantiated or not, affecting provisions.

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Discounting Provisions

The process of adjusting future cash flows to present value considering time value of money.

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Pre-tax Discount Rate

The rate used for discounting that reflects current market conditions but excludes risks in future cash flows.

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Best Estimate of Provision

The most accurate figure determined for recognizing a liability based on likelihoods of outcomes.

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Risks in Provisioning

Addressing uncertainties in calculating provisions but avoiding excessive estimations.

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Economic Resource Sacrifice

The potential cost incurred when fulfilling obligations based on existing technology.

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Warranty Claim Examples

Scenarios illustrating costs related to minor or major product defects.

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Carrying Amount Disclosure

Reporting the beginning and ending balance of provisions during a financial period.

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Earnings Management Risks

The potential for manipulation in reporting based on subjective estimates of provisions.

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Nature of Obligation

A brief description outlining the obligations and expected timing of economic outflows.

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Uncertainties in Provisioning

The degree of unpredictability involved in estimating the amount or timing of future provisions.

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Changes in Discount Rate

Any adjustments made to the expected value due to fluctuating interest rates affecting provisions.

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Reporting Requirements for Provisions

Mandatory disclosures aimed at revealing significant details and uncertainties behind provisions recognized.

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Management Discretion

The authority management has to influence estimates and provisions.

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Understated Provisions

Provisions reported lower than their actual amount, affecting liabilities.

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Earnings Management

Manipulation of financial reports to present a desired profit level.

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AI in Accounting

Use of artificial intelligence to analyze and detect financial data inaccuracies.

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Provisions and Profit Impact

Changes in provisions directly influence reported profits.

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Disclosure of Provisions

Requirements to inform users about recognized provisions and estimates.

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Professional Judgment

Accountants' assessment of management's estimates for accuracy.

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Major assumptions disclosed

Key judgments about future events that must be stated in financial statements.

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Expected reimbursement

The amount anticipated to be received back related to a provision, recognized as an asset.

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Provision for warranties

Estimated liabilities for claims related to products sold under warranty.

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Provision for legal claims

Liabilities recognized for potential legal costs due to court judgments.

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Provision for restructuring

Liabilities set aside for expenses related to organizational changes.

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Gross carrying amount

Total amount recognized for provisions before any adjustments.

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Unwinding of discount

Adjustment for the time value of money on a provision's liability.

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Estimated warranty claims

Predictions based on historical data for expected warranty expenses.

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Disclosure exemptions

Circumstances where certain disclosures may not be required to protect entities.

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Significant uncertainty

Indicates high variability in timing or amount of a provision obligation.

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Best estimate measurement

The approach of using the most accurate approximation for provisions.

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Provision utilization

Refers to the actual use of recognized provisions when settling obligations.

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Contingent assets

Potential benefits that may arise from past events, but not recognized as certain.

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Study Notes

Part B: Provisions - Overview

  • IAS 37 governs provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets, requiring specific recognition, measurement, and disclosure criteria
  • Provisions represent liabilities with uncertain timing or amount, distinct from liabilities with high certainty (e.g., borrowings)
  • Provisions are vital for accurate financial statement presentation, reflecting obligations arising from past events
  • Potential exists for earnings manipulation due to uncertainty and subjectivity surrounding provisions

Scope of IAS 37

  • Applies to all provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets (except those from executory contracts, those covered by other standards like income taxes, leases, employee benefits, certain insurance contracts, and contingent consideration in business combinations)
  • Excludes financial instruments (including guarantees) covered under IFRS 9

Definition of Provisions

  • Provisions are liabilities with uncertain timing or amount
  • Uncertainty is key; an estimate isn't automatically a provision; high certainty liabilities are not provisions
  • Contingent liabilities are recognized when uncertainty is too high to estimate reliably

Recognition of Provisions

  • Three criteria must be met for recognition:
    • Present obligation (legal or constructive) resulting from a past event
    • Probable outflow of economic resources to settle the obligation
    • Reliable estimate of the obligation's amount
  • Past event triggers present obligation; obligation must be unavoidable
  • Constructive obligations stem from actions indicating acceptance of responsibility, creating a valid expectation of discharge
  • Probable outflow means the likelihood of the outflow is greater than the likelihood of no outflow

Measurement of Provisions

  • Requires estimating the best possible amount required to settle the obligation at reporting date
  • For large populations of similar obligations (e.g., warranty claims), expected value method is used; weighting outcomes by probability
  • For single obligations, the most likely outcome is the best estimate
  • Judgments, past experience, and expert opinions can influence best estimates
  • Material time value of money must be reflected through present value calculations
  • Uncertainty doesn't justify excessive provisions
  • Future technology does not affect estimation

Disclosure Requirements for Provisions

  • Extensive disclosures are required for each provision class:
    • Carrying amount at period start and end
    • Additional provisions made during the period
    • Amounts used during the period
    • Amounts reversed during the period
    • Time value effects and discount rate changes
  • Detailed descriptions of obligations, timing considerations, uncertainties, and expected reimbursements must be disclosed
  • Disclosures aim to minimize earnings manipulation resulting from subjectivity and uncertainty in provisions

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