IA-32 Processor Architecture Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a comment in an assembly instruction?

  • To provide clarity and description for the instruction. (correct)
  • To terminate the instruction.
  • To perform a memory operation.
  • To indicate the instruction's operand.
  • What is the correct sequence of steps for creating an executable program from source code?

  • Edit, debug, link, assemble.
  • Assemble, edit, link, debug.
  • Edit, assemble, link, debug. (correct)
  • Debug, assemble, edit, link.
  • What does the linker do in the program development process?

  • Combines object files and libraries to create an executable. (correct)
  • Translates the assembly code into machine code.
  • Creates the assembly source code from machine code.
  • Generates a symbol table for the assembler.
  • What type of file does the assembler create from the source assembly file?

    <p>Object file (.obj)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about instruction mnemonics is true?

    <p>Mnemonics have names that represent instructions like mov and add.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What directive should replace the INCLUDE directive for the ExitProcess function?

    <p>PROTO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the PROTO directive serve in an assembly program?

    <p>To declare functions defined outside the program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When linking the program, which library is addsub.obj linked to because of the ExitProcess function?

    <p>kernel32.lib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which directive is responsible for marking the end of an assembly program?

    <p>END</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resultant files are produced after the program is assembled?

    <p>.obj and .lst files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after removing the INCLUDE directive in the assembly program?

    <p>It must be replaced with appropriate directives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the EIP register in assembly programming?

    <p>Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of files does the linker generate during the linking process?

    <p>.exe files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the /debug option do when used with the linker?

    <p>It creates debugging information in the executable file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command should be typed in the Command Prompt to run the Windows Debugger for the addsub.exe program?

    <p>windbg -QY -G addsub.exe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key combination is used to step through the execution of the main procedure in the Windows Debugger?

    <p>F10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you replace the exit macro with 'push 0' and 'call ExitProcess'?

    <p>It properly terminates the program with a return code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to customize the register display in the Windows Debugger?

    <p>Use the Customize button to adjust order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the Irvine32.inc file not be included when replacing the exit macro?

    <p>The exit macro is not being used anymore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you observe in the EAX register during debugging?

    <p>It changes after executing each instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command INVOKE ExitProcess, 0 essentially translate to in assembly language?

    <p>push 0; call ExitProcess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IA-32 Processor Architecture

    • Intel introduced the 8086 processor in 1979
    • 20-bit address bus, 16-bit data bus
    • Maximum physical memory: 1MB
    • Used segmentation to address memory
    • Segment size restricted to 64KB
    • Later IA-32 (32-bit) processors address up to 4GB of memory

    Basic Program Execution Registers

    • Eight 32-bit general-purpose registers (EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, EBP, ESP)
    • 32-bit register holds processor flags (EFLAGS)
    • 32-bit instruction pointer (EIP)
    • General purpose registers used for arithmetic and data movement
    • Registers can be 32-bit or 16-bit (e.g., AX is a 16-bit register, and can also be addressed as AH and AL)

    FLAT Memory Model and Protected-Address Mode

    • Used in 32-bit operating systems
    • Addresses up to 4GB of memory
    • All code and data in a single 32-bit address space
    • Linear 32-bit addresses used to access program instructions and data in memory

    FLAT Memory Model Program Template

    • Template for assembly language programs includes executable instructions, assembler directives, and macros
    • Title line (optional), line comments (optional and crucial for understanding), other directives
    • Defines code and data sections, variable declarations
    • Example includes .686, .MODEL FLAT, STDCALL, .STACK, INCLUDE Irvine32.inc, .DATA (variables), .CODE (main procedure, instructions) exit, END main
    • main PROC and main ENDP define the main procedure.

    Assembling, Linking, and Debugging Programs

    • Use ML.exe to assemble source code to object (.obj) file
    • Use LINK32.exe to link object code with libraries to produce executable (.exe)
    • Debuggers allow tracing and examination of program execution and modification
    • Example commands (ML, LINK32, windbg with addsub.asm)

    Review Questions

    • Names of 32-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit general-purpose registers
    • Purposes of EAX, EIP, ESP registers
    • Memory address bits in FLAT memory model
    • Purpose and use of INCLUDE, .CODE, END, PROTO directives
    • Types of files made by assembler and linker

    Programming Exercises

    • Program to sum four integers in EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX registers and trace
    • Rewrite previous program using AX, BX, CX, and DX registers.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the key concepts of IA-32 processor architecture, including the introduction of the 8086 processor and its memory addressing capabilities. It also delves into basic program execution registers and the flat memory model used in 32-bit operating systems. Test your knowledge on the essential components and functionality of IA-32 processors.

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