Foundation part 1
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Which one of the following best describes simple diffusion?

  • Relying on transporter or carrier proteins for movement
  • Active movement of substances using cellular ATP energy
  • Movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration
  • Passive movement of substances using kinetic energy (correct)

    • Which type of substances is simple diffusion applicable to?

  • Hydrophobic substances only
  • Substances that are fully permeable to the membrane (correct)
  • Substances that are partially permeable to the membrane
  • Polar substances only

    • What is the direction of movement in simple diffusion?

  • From highly negative charged molecule to positive charge area
  • From low concentration to high concentration
  • From positive charged molecule to highly negative charge area
  • From high concentration to low concentration (correct)

    • Which type of transmembrane protein is involved in facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Carrier proteins or transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the driving force for facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Both concentration and electrochemical gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between pores and gated protein channels in facilitated diffusion?

    <p>Pores are always open, while gated protein channels can be opened or closed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of primary active transport utilizes phosphorylation?

    <p>P-class pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is pumped out by the Na+-K+ ATPase?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Na+-K+ ATPase?

    <p>Maintain cellular membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport utilizes ATP energy indirectly?

    <p>Secondary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of movement in counter-transporters?

    <p>Opposite directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is osmolarity still commonly used despite osmolality being the preferred unit in physiology?

    <p>Osmolarity is easier to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution has the same osmolality as the compared solution?

    <p>Iso-osmolar solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction does water move between hypo-osmolar and hyper-osmolar solutions?

    <p>Water moves from hypo-osmolar to hyper-osmolar solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Cell swelling &amp; burst (water in &gt; water out)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the ΔF508 mutation in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>A deletion of 3 DNA bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the known mechanism of disease in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Abnormal folding of CFTR protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy cells, what is the function of CFTR protein?

    <p>Excretion of chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic disease is Cystic Fibrosis classified as?

    <p>Monogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific mutation that causes Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>ΔF508 mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the known mechanism of disease in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Abnormal CFTR protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for protection from the external environment and prevention of dessication?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for absorption in the intestine?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for filtration in the lining of kidney tubules?

    <p>Simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of junctions link epithelial cells to one another and the basal lamina?

    <p>Desmosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of epithelial cells in terms of vascularity?

    <p>Avascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the different functions associated with the apical, lateral, and basal domains of epithelial cells?

    <p>Cellular polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for absorption and filtration in capillaries and alveoli?

    <p>Simple squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for absorption and secretion in the digestive tract and gallbladder?

    <p>Simple columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for barrier and protection in the skin, oral cavity, upper throat, and esophagus?

    <p>Stratified squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoskeletal proteins are found in microvilli?

    <p>Actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cilia in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Sweep mucus up and out of the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of keratin in the skin?

    <p>Provide a protective layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of epithelial tissue involves the prevention of dessication?

    <p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of epithelial tissue involves the transfer of gases in the alveoli?

    <p>Exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of epithelial tissue involves the absorption of nutrients in the intestine?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Enteric Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the central nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is responsible for the initial generation of an action potential?

    <p>Axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has a single process extending from the cell body?

    <p>Unipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Oligodendrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?

    <p>Parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?

    <p>Controlling voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for integrating autonomic sensory information with effector commands from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which control center is involved in homeostatic control and can modify brainstem control pathways?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which control center controls emotional and motivational control centers and can influence physiological responses?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and controlling the internal environment of the body?

    <p>Both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis and control the internal environment of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is associated with the parasympathetic division?

    <p>Cranio-sacral outflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons secrete ACh in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Sympathetic cholinergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are NOT released by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons?

    <p>ACh and NE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the release of ACh by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?

    <p>Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor subtype is responsible for bronchoconstriction in the lungs?

    <p>M3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor subtype is responsible for dilation of the vascular smooth muscle?

    <p>b2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor subtype is responsible for vasoconstriction in the arteries to the skin?

    <p>a1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor subtype is responsible for vasoconstriction in the arteries to the lung?

    <p>b2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor subtype is responsible for dilation in the coronary arteries?

    <p>b2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are used by the autonomic nervous system to elicit different actions through specific receptor interactions?

    <p>Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters have different affinities for similar receptors?

    <p>Epinephrine and Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is commonly associated with the abuse of drugs like ecstasy?

    <p>Drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is medicine defined?

    <p>A modern chemical preparation that contains drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pharmacology?

    <p>The study of drugs and their interactions with the body through chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes clinical pharmacology?

    <p>The study of drug therapy in clinical practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of therapeutics?

    <p>To alleviate pain or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you define a drug?

    <p>Any substance that alters biological function through a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes pharmacokinetics?

    <p>The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does drug absorption occur?

    <p>In the interstitial fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a drug eliminated from the body?

    <p>Through the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamics?

    <p>The study of the effects of a drug on the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of therapeutics?

    <p>To compare the effectiveness and safety of one drug to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic window?

    <p>The range of doses at which a drug is both effective and safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the oxidation of organic molecules?

    <p>Peroxisome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the plasma membrane is true?

    <p>The plasma membrane is a double membrane composed of phospholipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteins in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Proteins play a key role in many membrane functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT the function of the glycocalyx in the plasma membrane?

    <p>The glycocalyx is responsible for the synthesis of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Synthesis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

    <p>It stiffens the region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule contains genetic information and acts as a store for genetic information?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides functions key for life, such as enzymes, peptide hormones, and structural proteins?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genes in the genetic information of DNA?

    <p>Encode proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases found in DNA?

    <p>B- Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the DNA molecule is on the outside?

    <p>Phosphate backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groove of the DNA double helix is easier to access for transcription factor binding?

    <p>Major groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for translating genetic information to proteins?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of RNA?

    <p>To translate genetic information to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?

    <p>Storage of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base is not found in RNA?

    <p>T-Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of RNA?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA molecule during replication?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme adds RNA primers to initiate complementary base pairing during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme seals breaks in DNA strands during replication?

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing DNA in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA synthesis on the leading strand during DNA replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of chromosomes?

    <p>To package and store DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of chromosomes that enables tight packaging of DNA?

    <p>Nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is accurate distribution of DNA important during cell division?

    <p>To ensure each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes?

    <p>Diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does acetylation of DNA do?

    <p>Turns genes on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does methylation of DNA do?

    <p>Turns genes off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for turning off gene expression in cells?

    <p>Methylation and acetylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factor proteins in gene expression?

    <p>To bind to enhancer or promoter regions and stimulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for specific cells to express only a subset of the entire genome?

    <p>To maintain cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a triose?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is primarily composed of a-1,4 glycosidic bonds?

    <p>Starch amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the branching in glycogen?

    <p>a-1,6 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pentose sugar?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hexose sugar?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of glycosylation of proteins?

    <p>Promotes polymerisation with other mucins via disulfide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of mucin?

    <p>Protein backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows the polymerisation of mucin via disulfide bonds?

    <p>D-domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of DNA to RNA?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of translation?

    <p>It directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component carries out the translation process?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for adding multiple adenine nucleotides to the end of the mRNA transcript, resulting in the poly-A tail?

    <p>Polymerase A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capping enzyme mRNA guanylyltransferase?

    <p>Add a 7-methylguanylate cap to the 5' end of the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the removal of introns and joining of exons in the pre-mRNA molecule?

    <p>Splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the enzymatic activities of RNA polymerases during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA processing mechanisms in gene expression?

    <p>Producing mature mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components interact in the process of translation (protein synthesis)?

    <p>Triplet codons, ribosome, and tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

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