125 Questions
Which one of the following best describes simple diffusion?
Passive movement of substances using kinetic energy
Which type of substances is simple diffusion applicable to?
Substances that are fully permeable to the membrane
What is the direction of movement in simple diffusion?
From high concentration to low concentration
Which type of transmembrane protein is involved in facilitated diffusion?
Carrier proteins or transporter
What is the driving force for facilitated diffusion?
Both concentration and electrochemical gradients
What is the main difference between pores and gated protein channels in facilitated diffusion?
Pores are always open, while gated protein channels can be opened or closed
Which type of primary active transport utilizes phosphorylation?
P-class pump
Which ion is pumped out by the Na+-K+ ATPase?
Na+
What is the main function of the Na+-K+ ATPase?
Maintain cellular membrane potential
Which type of transport utilizes ATP energy indirectly?
Secondary active transport
What is the direction of movement in counter-transporters?
Opposite directions
Why is osmolarity still commonly used despite osmolality being the preferred unit in physiology?
Osmolarity is easier to measure
Which type of solution has the same osmolality as the compared solution?
Iso-osmolar solution
Which direction does water move between hypo-osmolar and hyper-osmolar solutions?
Water moves from hypo-osmolar to hyper-osmolar solution
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Cell swelling & burst (water in > water out)
Which of the following best describes the ΔF508 mutation in Cystic Fibrosis?
A deletion of 3 DNA bases
What is the known mechanism of disease in Cystic Fibrosis?
Abnormal folding of CFTR protein
In healthy cells, what is the function of CFTR protein?
Excretion of chloride
Which type of genetic disease is Cystic Fibrosis classified as?
Monogenic
What is the specific mutation that causes Cystic Fibrosis?
ΔF508 mutation
What is the known mechanism of disease in Cystic Fibrosis?
Abnormal CFTR protein folding
Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for protection from the external environment and prevention of dessication?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for absorption in the intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium
Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for filtration in the lining of kidney tubules?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which type of junctions link epithelial cells to one another and the basal lamina?
Desmosomes
What is the main characteristic of epithelial cells in terms of vascularity?
Avascular
What is the term for the different functions associated with the apical, lateral, and basal domains of epithelial cells?
Cellular polarity
Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for absorption and filtration in capillaries and alveoli?
Simple squamous
Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for absorption and secretion in the digestive tract and gallbladder?
Simple columnar
Which type of epithelial tissue is responsible for barrier and protection in the skin, oral cavity, upper throat, and esophagus?
Stratified squamous
Which cytoskeletal proteins are found in microvilli?
Actin filaments
What is the main function of cilia in the respiratory tract?
Sweep mucus up and out of the airway
What is the role of keratin in the skin?
Provide a protective layer
Which function of epithelial tissue involves the prevention of dessication?
Protection
Which function of epithelial tissue involves the transfer of gases in the alveoli?
Exchange
Which function of epithelial tissue involves the absorption of nutrients in the intestine?
Absorption
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?
Enteric Nervous System
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the central nervous system?
Peripheral Nervous System
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic
Which part of the neuron is responsible for the initial generation of an action potential?
Axon hillock
Which type of neuron has a single process extending from the cell body?
Unipolar
Which type of glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocyte
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion?
Parasympathetic division
What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?
Controlling voluntary movements
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic division
Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for integrating autonomic sensory information with effector commands from the hypothalamus?
Brainstem
Which control center is involved in homeostatic control and can modify brainstem control pathways?
Hypothalamus
Which control center controls emotional and motivational control centers and can influence physiological responses?
Limbic system
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and controlling the internal environment of the body?
Both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
To maintain homeostasis and control the internal environment of the body
Which outflow of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is associated with the parasympathetic division?
Cranio-sacral outflow
Which type of neurons secrete ACh in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic cholinergic neurons
Which neurotransmitters are NOT released by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons?
ACh and NE
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with the release of ACh by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Which receptor subtype is responsible for bronchoconstriction in the lungs?
M3
Which receptor subtype is responsible for dilation of the vascular smooth muscle?
b2
Which receptor subtype is responsible for vasoconstriction in the arteries to the skin?
a1
Which receptor subtype is responsible for vasoconstriction in the arteries to the lung?
b2
Which receptor subtype is responsible for dilation in the coronary arteries?
b2
Which neurotransmitters are used by the autonomic nervous system to elicit different actions through specific receptor interactions?
Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitters have different affinities for similar receptors?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Which term is commonly associated with the abuse of drugs like ecstasy?
Drug
How is medicine defined?
A modern chemical preparation that contains drugs
What is pharmacology?
The study of drugs and their interactions with the body through chemical reaction
Which of the following best describes clinical pharmacology?
The study of drug therapy in clinical practice
What is the main purpose of therapeutics?
To alleviate pain or injury
How would you define a drug?
Any substance that alters biological function through a chemical reaction
Which of the following best describes pharmacokinetics?
The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Where does drug absorption occur?
In the interstitial fluids
How is a drug eliminated from the body?
Through the kidneys
Which of the following best describes pharmacodynamics?
The study of the effects of a drug on the body
What is the main purpose of therapeutics?
To compare the effectiveness and safety of one drug to another
What is the therapeutic window?
The range of doses at which a drug is both effective and safe
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Which organelle is involved in the oxidation of organic molecules?
Peroxisome
Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules?
Lysosome
Which statement about the plasma membrane is true?
The plasma membrane is a double membrane composed of phospholipids.
What is the function of proteins in the plasma membrane?
Proteins play a key role in many membrane functions.
What is NOT the function of the glycocalyx in the plasma membrane?
The glycocalyx is responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?
Synthesis of ATP
What is the main component of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
It stiffens the region
Which molecule contains genetic information and acts as a store for genetic information?
DNA
What provides functions key for life, such as enzymes, peptide hormones, and structural proteins?
Proteins
What is the role of genes in the genetic information of DNA?
Encode proteins
Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases found in DNA?
B- Base
Which part of the DNA molecule is on the outside?
Phosphate backbone
Which groove of the DNA double helix is easier to access for transcription factor binding?
Major groove
Which molecule is responsible for translating genetic information to proteins?
RNA
What is the main function of RNA?
To translate genetic information to proteins
Which of the following is NOT a function of RNA?
Storage of genetic information
Which base is not found in RNA?
T-Thymine
What type of sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
What is the charge of RNA?
Negative
Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA molecule during replication?
DNA helicase
Which enzyme adds RNA primers to initiate complementary base pairing during DNA replication?
DNA primase
Which enzyme seals breaks in DNA strands during replication?
DNA ligase
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing DNA in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication?
DNA polymerase
What is the direction of DNA synthesis on the leading strand during DNA replication?
5' to 3'
Which of the following is the main function of chromosomes?
To package and store DNA
What is the structure of chromosomes that enables tight packaging of DNA?
Nucleosomes
Why is accurate distribution of DNA important during cell division?
To ensure each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information
Which cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes?
Diploid cells
What does acetylation of DNA do?
Turns genes on
What does methylation of DNA do?
Turns genes off
Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for turning off gene expression in cells?
Methylation and acetylation
What is the role of transcription factor proteins in gene expression?
To bind to enhancer or promoter regions and stimulate gene expression
Why is it important for specific cells to express only a subset of the entire genome?
To maintain cell differentiation
Which of the following is an example of a triose?
Glyceraldehyde
Which polysaccharide is primarily composed of a-1,4 glycosidic bonds?
Starch amylose
Which of the following is responsible for the branching in glycogen?
a-1,6 glycosidic bond
Which of the following is a pentose sugar?
Ribose
Which of the following is a hexose sugar?
Fructose
Which of the following is NOT a function of glycosylation of proteins?
Promotes polymerisation with other mucins via disulfide bonds
What is the basic structure of mucin?
Protein backbone
What allows the polymerisation of mucin via disulfide bonds?
D-domain
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of DNA to RNA?
RNA polymerase
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of translation?
It directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein
Which cellular component carries out the translation process?
Ribosomes
Which enzyme is responsible for adding multiple adenine nucleotides to the end of the mRNA transcript, resulting in the poly-A tail?
Polymerase A
What is the function of the capping enzyme mRNA guanylyltransferase?
Add a 7-methylguanylate cap to the 5' end of the mRNA
Which process involves the removal of introns and joining of exons in the pre-mRNA molecule?
Splicing
Which enzyme is responsible for the enzymatic activities of RNA polymerases during transcription?
RNA polymerase
What is the role of mRNA processing mechanisms in gene expression?
Producing mature mRNA
Which components interact in the process of translation (protein synthesis)?
Triplet codons, ribosome, and tRNA
Test your knowledge on simple diffusion, also known as passive diffusion or movement. Learn about the key characteristics of this process, including its reliance on kinetic energy rather than cellular ATP energy, and its ability to move substances along the electrochemical gradient. Explore the concept of non-coupled diffusion and understand how it differs from coupled diffusion involving transporter or carrier proteins.
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