Cellular changes and adaptation 1

Which of the following best describes hypoxia?

What is the primary source of energy production in cells?

Which of the following is a consequence of hypoxia?

What is the effect of reduced oxygen levels on oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in hypoxia?

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hypoxia?

What is the effect of hypoxia on oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the primary cause of cellular swelling in hypoxia?

Which of the following is a consequence of increased lactic acid in cells during anaerobic respiration?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a free radical?

What happens to free radicals in normal conditions?

What is the primary function of glutathione in dealing with free radicals?

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals in cells?

What is the effect of cell injury resulting from excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals?

Which of the following best describes direct-acting toxins?

Which of the following is an example of latent toxins?

What is the primary mechanism of cell injury caused by latent toxins?

Which of the following is a common result of radiation?

What happens if the damage to DNA caused by radiation is too great to be repaired successfully?

Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells become injured in autoimmunity and infection?

What is the process by which inflammatory cells generate ROS?

Which cellular components can be damaged by ROS, resulting in cell injury?

Which type of cell death is characterized by an inflammatory response?

Which type of cell death is energy-dependent and does not elicit an inflammatory response?

Which type of cell death is a normal physiological process as well as a response to injury?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

Which nuclear change is characterized by the rupture of the pyknotic nuclear membrane and fragmentation of the nucleus?

Which nuclear change is characterized by the fading of the nucleus and dissolution of chromatin due to the action of DNAases and RNAases?

Which nuclear change is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and condensation of DNA into a shrunken basophilic mass?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Which type of cell death is characterized by adjacent inflammation?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

What is the primary role of apoptosis?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals in cells?

What is the primary cause of infarction?

Which of the following is a consequence of ischaemia?