Cellular changes and adaptation 1

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Which of the following best describes hypoxia?

A condition caused by an inadequate blood supply to an organ

A condition caused by an excess of oxygen in the tissues

A condition caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

A condition caused by a reduced oxygen delivery to the tissues (correct)

What is the primary source of energy production in cells?

Fermentation

Oxidative phosphorylation (correct)

Krebs cycle

Glycolysis

Which of the following is a consequence of hypoxia?

Activation of the Ca2+ pump

Increased ATP production

Elevated intracellular pH

Cell swelling (correct)

What is the effect of reduced oxygen levels on oxidative phosphorylation?

Impaired ATP synthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in hypoxia?

Increased lactic acid production (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hypoxia?

Activation of protein synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypoxia on oxidative phosphorylation?

Decreased ATP production (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cellular swelling in hypoxia?

Influx of Na+ (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of increased lactic acid in cells during anaerobic respiration?

Clumping of nuclear chromatin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a free radical?

Oxygen molecules (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to free radicals in normal conditions?

They are removed by specialized enzymatic systems (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glutathione in dealing with free radicals?

To remove free radicals (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals in cells?

Decreased protein synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cell injury resulting from excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals?

Lipid peroxidation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes direct-acting toxins?

Toxins that act directly by combining with a critical molecular component (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of latent toxins?

CCl4 poisoning (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of cell injury caused by latent toxins?

Conversion to reactive metabolites (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common result of radiation?

Damage to DNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the damage to DNA caused by radiation is too great to be repaired successfully?

p53 triggers apoptosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells become injured in autoimmunity and infection?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which inflammatory cells generate ROS?

Oxidative burst (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular components can be damaged by ROS, resulting in cell injury?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death is characterized by an inflammatory response?

Necrosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death is energy-dependent and does not elicit an inflammatory response?

Apoptosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death is a normal physiological process as well as a response to injury?

Apoptosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

Pathologic role in cell development (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nuclear change is characterized by the rupture of the pyknotic nuclear membrane and fragmentation of the nucleus?

Karyorrhexis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nuclear change is characterized by the fading of the nucleus and dissolution of chromatin due to the action of DNAases and RNAases?

Karyolysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nuclear change is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and condensation of DNA into a shrunken basophilic mass?

Pyknosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Pathologic role in cell development (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death is characterized by adjacent inflammation?

Necrosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Fragmentation into nucleosome-sized fragments (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of apoptosis?

Physiologic means of eliminating unwanted cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

Adjacent inflammation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cellular changes and adaptation 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes hypoxia?

What is the primary source of energy production in cells?

Which of the following is a consequence of hypoxia?

What is the effect of reduced oxygen levels on oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in hypoxia?

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of hypoxia?

What is the effect of hypoxia on oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the primary cause of cellular swelling in hypoxia?

Which of the following is a consequence of increased lactic acid in cells during anaerobic respiration?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a free radical?

What happens to free radicals in normal conditions?

What is the primary function of glutathione in dealing with free radicals?

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals in cells?

What is the effect of cell injury resulting from excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals?

Which of the following best describes direct-acting toxins?

Which of the following is an example of latent toxins?

What is the primary mechanism of cell injury caused by latent toxins?

Which of the following is a common result of radiation?

What happens if the damage to DNA caused by radiation is too great to be repaired successfully?

Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells become injured in autoimmunity and infection?

What is the process by which inflammatory cells generate ROS?

Which cellular components can be damaged by ROS, resulting in cell injury?

Which type of cell death is characterized by an inflammatory response?

Which type of cell death is energy-dependent and does not elicit an inflammatory response?

Which type of cell death is a normal physiological process as well as a response to injury?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

Which nuclear change is characterized by the rupture of the pyknotic nuclear membrane and fragmentation of the nucleus?

Which nuclear change is characterized by the fading of the nucleus and dissolution of chromatin due to the action of DNAases and RNAases?

Which nuclear change is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and condensation of DNA into a shrunken basophilic mass?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

Which type of cell death is characterized by adjacent inflammation?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?

What is the primary role of apoptosis?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of necrosis?

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive production or inadequate removal of free radicals in cells?

What is the primary cause of infarction?

Which of the following is a consequence of ischaemia?

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