43 Questions
What effect does a hypertonic solution have on red blood cells?
Causes shrinkage (crenation) as water moves out of the cell
What is the purpose of intravenous fluids?
To keep cells hydrated
What does osmolarity measure?
The number of osmoles/L of water
What is the normal osmolality range in the body?
275-295 mOsm/L
What exerts the oncotic pressure in the body?
Non-diffusable plasma proteins
What is the primary function of hydrostatic pressure?
Force of water pressing against walls
Which type of solution would cause cell expansion?
Hypotonic solution
What happens to red blood cells in a hypotonic solution?
Swelling (hemolysis) as water moves into the cell
'Drawing power' is a term associated with which measurement?
-osmolarity-
What is one of the indicators used to assess fluid status in patients?
Daily weights
What is considered significant in terms of daily weight change for a patient?
More than 2.2 lbs in 24 hours
What type of output is included in the calculation of a patient's intake and output (I&O)?
Diarrhea
Why is it important to measure urine output in patients?
To assess for oliguric renal disease
Which condition does a daily weight change of more than 2.2 lbs in 24 hours suggest?
Heart failure
Which of the following is NOT typically included in a patient's intake calculation for I&O monitoring?
Sweat produced
What should be done if a patient's urine output is less than 30cc/hr?
Refer the patient immediately
Which of the following is an example of output that should be considered when calculating a patient's I&O?
Wound drainage
"Indicator of fluid status" is associated with which method of assessment?
"Physical Assessment"
Which of the following is NOT a component of central venous pressure assessment?
Skin turgor assessment
What is the normal range for serum sodium values?
135-145 mEq/L
Which electrolyte is known for its role in neuromuscular irritability?
Potassium
What is the normal range for serum potassium values?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Which of the following is NOT an anion among the mentioned electrolytes?
Sodium (Na+)
What is the pH range for maintaining normal arterial blood in the body?
7.35 to 7.45
Respiratory acidosis is a type of acid-base imbalance that results from:
High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
What does a pH value of 1.0 indicate on the pH scale?
Very acidic
What equipment is used in intravenous therapy?
Vascular access devices, tourniquets, clean gloves
What is the purpose of an electronic infusion device (EID) in IV therapy?
To regulate the flow of IV fluids
Which of the following is a complication associated with IV therapy?
Fluid overload
What is autologous transfusion?
Transfusing blood back to the same patient that donated it
What is the main function of maintaining the IV system sterile and intact?
To avoid complications like infections
Which of the following is NOT a component used in blood component therapy?
Surgical tools
What is a common adverse effect of transfusion reactions?
Allergic reactions
What does phlebitis refer to in IV therapy?
Inflammation of a vein
What action is taken when discontinuing peripheral IV access?
Removing the IV catheter from the vein
What is the definition of the pH scale?
It ranges from 0 to 14 and measures the concentration of hydronium ions.
What is the purpose of acid buffering in the body?
To maintain the normal pH of body fluids.
How is carbonic acid excreted from the body?
Through the lungs.
What is the main cause of respiratory acidosis?
Excess carbon dioxide in the blood.
Which component is responsible for maintaining a balance between hydrogen ions and bicarbonate in the body?
Buffers.
What are the two types of acidosis mentioned in the text?
Respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis.
How do kidneys excrete metabolic acids?
Through urine excretion.
When is there excess carbonic acid in the blood?
During respiratory acidosis.
Study Notes
Fluid Balance and Electrolytes
- A hypertonic solution causes red blood cells to shrink.
- Intravenous fluids are used to replace lost fluids, electrolytes, and medications.
- Osmolality measures the concentration of solutes in a solution.
- Normal osmolality range in the body is 275-295 mOsm/kg.
- Oncotic pressure is exerted by proteins in the blood.
- Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries.
Solutions and Osmosis
- A hypotonic solution causes cell expansion.
- 'Drawing power' is a term associated with osmotic pressure.
- A hypotonic solution would cause cell swelling.
Fluid Status Assessment
- Daily weight change is an indicator of fluid status.
- A daily weight change of more than 2.2 lbs in 24 hours suggests fluid imbalance.
- Urine output is an important indicator of fluid status.
- A urine output of less than 30cc/hr requires attention.
Intake and Output (I&O) Monitoring
- Intake includes oral fluids, IV fluids, and medications.
- Output includes urine, stool, and other bodily fluids.
- Urine output is included in the calculation of I&O.
Electrolytes and pH Balance
- Normal serum sodium values are 135-145 mmol/L.
- Potassium is essential for neuromuscular function.
- Normal serum potassium values are 3.5-5.5 mmol/L.
- Chloride is an anion among the mentioned electrolytes.
- pH range for maintaining normal arterial blood is 7.35-7.45.
- Respiratory acidosis results from inadequate exhalation of CO2.
IV Therapy and Blood Component Therapy
- IV therapy involves administering fluids and medications through a vein.
- An electronic infusion device (EID) regulates IV flow rates.
- Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein.
- Autologous transfusion is the transfusion of a patient's own blood.
- Maintaining the IV system sterile and intact prevents infection.
Acid-Base Balance
- The pH scale measures acidity and basicity.
- Acid buffering maintains the body's acid-base balance.
- Carbonic acid is excreted through the lungs.
- Respiratory acidosis is caused by inadequate exhalation of CO2.
- Metabolic acidosis is caused by excess metabolic acids.
- Kidneys excrete metabolic acids by increasing urine production.
Test your knowledge on hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions and their effects on cells. Learn about the movement of water by osmosis and how different solutions affect cell volume.
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