Hypothesis Testing and Variable Types Quiz

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What effect would raising the cutoff score for a screening test have on the positive predictive value?

It would decrease (correct)

It would remain unchanged

It would fluctuate

It would increase

In a population where the prevalence of the disease in question is low, what impact would this have on the positive predictive value of a screening test?

It would remain unchanged

It would decrease (correct)

It would increase

It would fluctuate

If the cutoff score for a screening test is lowered, what impact would this have on the positive predictive value?

It would remain unchanged

It would fluctuate

It would increase (correct)

It would decrease

What measure of association would be most appropriate to calculate in this scenario?

Odds ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of raising the cutoff score for a screening test on the sensitivity of the test?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

What test would be most suitable to test the statistical significance of the association?

Chi-square test Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you expect the positive predictive value of a screening test to be higher?

In a population with high disease prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What would be the null hypothesis in this scenario?

There is no association between exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of conducting a case-control study rather than a cohort study in this scenario?

Less prone to recall bias Signup and view all the answers

Why would there be difficulty in concluding a causal relationship in this study, even if a strong association is found between administration of the measles vaccine and preterm births?

Potential confounding factors Signup and view all the answers

What type of test did the researchers use to study the association and reject the null hypothesis?

Chi-square test Signup and view all the answers

Which variable type is used for labeling theatre-goers as youth, regular adult, or seniors?

Nominal Signup and view all the answers

Which variable type is used for coding UW students as '0' if an undergraduate student or '1' if a graduate student?

Dichotomous/Binary Signup and view all the answers

What analytical plan would be suitable for knowing the mean difference in hospital charges between persons with and without Medicaid?

Two-sample t-test Signup and view all the answers

How would you decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis in the context of analyzing hospital charges between persons with and without Medicaid?

By comparing p-values to the significance level Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensitivity of the ELISA test for detecting HIV antibody?

94.0% Signup and view all the answers

What type of study design would be most appropriate for investigating the association between preterm births and the measles vaccine?

Case-control study Signup and view all the answers

What is the specificity of the ELISA test for detecting HIV antibody?

98.0% Signup and view all the answers

In which study design is the study sample selected on the basis of outcome status?

Case-control study Signup and view all the answers

What is the actual prevalence of HIV antibody in the hypothetical patient population?

1.0% Signup and view all the answers

Which study design would be most suitable for studying the incidence rate of a disease in the exposed and non-exposed?

Cohort study Signup and view all the answers

What are false positives in the context of screening for HIV antibody using the ELISA test?

Individuals who do not have HIV antibody but are incorrectly identified as positive by the test Signup and view all the answers

In which study design are the results especially prone to recall bias?

Case-control study Signup and view all the answers

What are false negatives in the context of screening for HIV antibody using the ELISA test?

Individuals who have HIV antibody but are incorrectly identified as negative by the test Signup and view all the answers

Which study design involves randomly assigning participants to either be exposed to a treatment or not exposed?

Neither Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the confidence interval not including 0?

It indicates a statistically significant result Signup and view all the answers

When reporting the median as the measure of central tendency, what should also be reported?

Interquartile range Signup and view all the answers

What type of graph is typically used to depict a distribution?

Histogram Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about the distribution in the histogram are true?

It is right skewed Signup and view all the answers

Which measures of central tendency and spread would be best to report for the variable depicted in the histogram?

Median and interquartile range Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the confidence interval around the mean difference includes zero?

The result is not statistically significant Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of anti-social behaviors at the time of study enrollment?

40% Signup and view all the answers

Can the incidence of anti-social behaviors during the study period (9th-12th grade) be calculated?

Yes, it can be calculated Signup and view all the answers

What is the main strength of a screening tool with high specificity but low sensitivity?

It minimizes false positives Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of a screening tool with low sensitivity?

It may generate many false negatives Signup and view all the answers

What would be a recommended implementation for a screening tool with high specificity but low sensitivity in elementary schools?

Use it as an initial broad screening tool and follow up with more sensitive tests for positive cases Signup and view all the answers

What does the sensitivity of a screening test measure?

The proportion of positive tests that are truly positive. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor leads to a marked increase in the positive predictive value of a test?

Higher prevalence in the screened population Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease?

Specificity Signup and view all the answers

What does the negative predictive value measure?

The proportion of negative tests that are truly negative. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the positive predictive value of a test?

The prevalence of the disease in the population tested Signup and view all the answers

What does specificity measure for a screening test?

The proportion of negative tests that are truly negative. Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

PPV increases with a higher prevalence in the screened population. Signup and view all the answers

What does the null hypothesis (Ho) in hypothesis testing typically state?

There is no difference, effect, or association Signup and view all the answers

In hypothesis testing, what does the alternative hypothesis (Ha) usually represent?

Researchers' ideas to be proven Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance level (α) used for in hypothesis testing?

To decide the rejection region Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the rejection region in hypothesis testing?

To decide the statistical significance Signup and view all the answers

In hypothesis testing, what is the primary purpose of the z-tabulated value?

To decide significance Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative hypothesis (Ha) in Case 1 of the provided examples?

Well water at the fair was the risk factor/source of diarrheal disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the null hypothesis (Ho) in Case 3 of the provided examples?

Mean birthweight in counties implemented starting right is equal with the mean weight birthweight in non-starting right implemented counties. Signup and view all the answers

What does the significance level (α) typically represent?

(1-confidence level) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Incidence Rate?

The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a population at risk per person-time of observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the Bathtub Analogy used to illustrate?

The relationship between prevalence and incidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the key measure used in screening tests to correctly identify those who have the disease?

Sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What does a true negative (TN) represent in the context of screening tests?

People who do not have the disease and have a negative test result Signup and view all the answers

What does the positive predictive value (PPV) measure in screening tests?

The proportion of true positives out of all those with a positive test result Signup and view all the answers

What impact does raising the cutoff score for a screening test have on sensitivity?

Decreases sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What represents a false positive (FP) in the context of screening tests?

People who have a positive test result but do not have the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the key goal of using screening tests?

To reduce morbidity and mortality Signup and view all the answers

What does a Relative Risk (RR) value greater than 1 indicate?

Higher incidence of disease in the exposed group Signup and view all the answers

How is the Relative Risk (RR) interpreted when it equals 1?

No association, or no difference in incidence of disease between the two exposure groups Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Relative Risk (RR), what does it mean if non-smokers have '1.6 times less risk' of developing CHD than smokers?

Non-smokers have a lower risk compared to smokers Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpretation of a Relative Risk (RR) value less than 1?

Lower incidence of disease in the unexposed group Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most suitable interpretation of a Relative Risk (RR) value equal to 1?

No association, or no difference in incidence of disease between the two exposure groups Signup and view all the answers

According to the measure of association, what does a numerator of 'Risk of disease in exposed' represent?

People at risk of developing a disease and exposed to a specific factor Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Relative Risk (RR), what does a denominator of 'Risk of disease in unexposed' represent?

People at risk of developing a disease but not exposed to any factor Signup and view all the answers

How would you interpret a Relative Risk (RR) value equal to 1?

'No difference between exposed and unexposed groups' Signup and view all the answers

'Smokers have a 1.6 times greater risk of developing CHD than non-smokers'. What is the inverse true statement?

'Non-smokers have 60% decreased risk of CHD compared to smokers' Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis Testing and Variable Types Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What effect would raising the cutoff score for a screening test have on the positive predictive value?

In a population where the prevalence of the disease in question is low, what impact would this have on the positive predictive value of a screening test?

If the cutoff score for a screening test is lowered, what impact would this have on the positive predictive value?

What measure of association would be most appropriate to calculate in this scenario?

What is the impact of raising the cutoff score for a screening test on the sensitivity of the test?

What test would be most suitable to test the statistical significance of the association?

In which scenario would you expect the positive predictive value of a screening test to be higher?

What would be the null hypothesis in this scenario?

What is one advantage of conducting a case-control study rather than a cohort study in this scenario?

Why would there be difficulty in concluding a causal relationship in this study, even if a strong association is found between administration of the measles vaccine and preterm births?

What type of test did the researchers use to study the association and reject the null hypothesis?

Which variable type is used for labeling theatre-goers as youth, regular adult, or seniors?

Which variable type is used for coding UW students as '0' if an undergraduate student or '1' if a graduate student?

What analytical plan would be suitable for knowing the mean difference in hospital charges between persons with and without Medicaid?

How would you decide whether you can reject the null hypothesis in the context of analyzing hospital charges between persons with and without Medicaid?

What is the sensitivity of the ELISA test for detecting HIV antibody?

What type of study design would be most appropriate for investigating the association between preterm births and the measles vaccine?

What is the specificity of the ELISA test for detecting HIV antibody?

In which study design is the study sample selected on the basis of outcome status?

What is the actual prevalence of HIV antibody in the hypothetical patient population?

Which study design would be most suitable for studying the incidence rate of a disease in the exposed and non-exposed?

What are false positives in the context of screening for HIV antibody using the ELISA test?

In which study design are the results especially prone to recall bias?

What are false negatives in the context of screening for HIV antibody using the ELISA test?

Which study design involves randomly assigning participants to either be exposed to a treatment or not exposed?

What is the significance of the confidence interval not including 0?

When reporting the median as the measure of central tendency, what should also be reported?

What type of graph is typically used to depict a distribution?

Which statements about the distribution in the histogram are true?

Which measures of central tendency and spread would be best to report for the variable depicted in the histogram?

What does it mean if the confidence interval around the mean difference includes zero?

What is the prevalence of anti-social behaviors at the time of study enrollment?

Can the incidence of anti-social behaviors during the study period (9th-12th grade) be calculated?

What is the main strength of a screening tool with high specificity but low sensitivity?

What is a key limitation of a screening tool with low sensitivity?

What would be a recommended implementation for a screening tool with high specificity but low sensitivity in elementary schools?

What does the sensitivity of a screening test measure?

Which factor leads to a marked increase in the positive predictive value of a test?

Which term refers to the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease?

What does the negative predictive value measure?

Which factor determines the positive predictive value of a test?

What does specificity measure for a screening test?

Which is true about Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?

What does the null hypothesis (Ho) in hypothesis testing typically state?

In hypothesis testing, what does the alternative hypothesis (Ha) usually represent?

What is the significance level (α) used for in hypothesis testing?

What is the primary purpose of the rejection region in hypothesis testing?

In hypothesis testing, what is the primary purpose of the z-tabulated value?

What is the alternative hypothesis (Ha) in Case 1 of the provided examples?

What is the null hypothesis (Ho) in Case 3 of the provided examples?

What does the significance level (α) typically represent?

What is the definition of Incidence Rate?

What is the Bathtub Analogy used to illustrate?

What is the key measure used in screening tests to correctly identify those who have the disease?

What does a true negative (TN) represent in the context of screening tests?

What does the positive predictive value (PPV) measure in screening tests?

What impact does raising the cutoff score for a screening test have on sensitivity?

What represents a false positive (FP) in the context of screening tests?

What is the key goal of using screening tests?

What does a Relative Risk (RR) value greater than 1 indicate?

How is the Relative Risk (RR) interpreted when it equals 1?

In the context of Relative Risk (RR), what does it mean if non-smokers have '1.6 times less risk' of developing CHD than smokers?

What is the interpretation of a Relative Risk (RR) value less than 1?

What would be the most suitable interpretation of a Relative Risk (RR) value equal to 1?

According to the measure of association, what does a numerator of 'Risk of disease in exposed' represent?

In the context of Relative Risk (RR), what does a denominator of 'Risk of disease in unexposed' represent?

How would you interpret a Relative Risk (RR) value equal to 1?

'Smokers have a 1.6 times greater risk of developing CHD than non-smokers'. What is the inverse true statement?

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