38 Questions
Probability sampling ensures that all elements of the population have an equal chance of being selected.
True
What is the purpose of choosing a sampling method?
To contribute to the credibility and reliability of the research findings
What are the two main clusters of sampling techniques?
Probability sampling and Non-probability sampling
The research instrument varies according to the _______________________ technique employed.
data-gathering
Match the following sampling techniques with their characteristics:
Probability sampling = Every element of the population has an equal chance of being selected Non-probability sampling = All elements do not have an equal chance of being selected
What is the first step in sampling?
Identifying and defining the target population
What is the primary goal of collaborative research?
To research "with" stakeholders
A longitudinal study involves examining different individuals at a specific point in time.
False
What is the main difference between research "on" and research "with"?
Research "on" is conducted without the stakeholders' input, whereas research "with" involves stakeholders in the research process and addresses their needs and interests.
In a cross-sectional study, the researcher simultaneously assesses the participants' _______________ and _______________.
exposures and outcomes
Match the following research approaches with their characteristics:
Collaborative Research = Longitudinal Research = Cross-Sectional Research =
What type of research design is used to compare several factors at once?
Cross-sectional research
Collaborative research is a type of correlational research.
True
In a longitudinal study, researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of _______________, sometimes lasting many years.
time
What is Reliability in research?
The degree of truthfulness of the respondents or the source
Data collection is a methodical process of gathering and analyzing specific information to provide or create solutions to irrelevant questions.
False
What is the main purpose of data collection?
To provide or create solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the results
Data is collected and subjected to hypothesis testing in order to ____________ a phenomenon.
explain
What is Primary data?
Data emanating from the original work or efforts of the researcher
Match the following data types with their descriptions:
Primary data = Data emanating from the original work or efforts of the researcher Secondary data = Data coming from other researchers or sources
All data is created equal, and the value of data analysis ultimately depends on the processing and analysis of the data.
False
What is involved in the process of data processing and analysis?
Tasks such as data cleaning, transformation, feature engineering, and statistical modeling
What is a hypothesis?
A kind of belief which is considered to be true
A hypothesis can only be proved or rejected through a single experiment.
False
What is the origin of the word 'hypothesis'?
Greek word 'hypotithenai' meaning 'to put under' or 'to suppose'
Research design pertains to the overall strategy and framework utilized to undertake research that defines a brief and logical plan to tackle established research questions through collection, discussion, analysis, and interpretation of __________.
data
What determines whether a hypothesis is accepted or rejected?
The results of the experiment
What is an example of a hypothesis?
The higher time the students spend on their studies, the better they achieve tests and score better marks.
Research assumptions are generally proved by forming hypotheses based on them.
True
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Hypothesis = A kind of belief which is considered to be true Research Design = The overall strategy and framework utilized to undertake research Research Assumption = An assumption made in the research process that may or may not be verified or investigated
What is the main purpose of a comparative analysis?
To explain and gain a better understanding of the causal processes involved
Qualitative research is a type of research that relies on statistical surveys.
False
What is the primary goal of evaluative research?
To assess the performance, outcome, or impact of a set of variables using a set of criteria.
A case study is an in-depth study of a particular ______________________ rather than a sweeping statistical survey.
situation
Which of the following is an example of comparative research?
An analysis of the security and risk management plan of the seven commercial banks in Manila
Case research is a type of research that involves a broad statistical survey.
False
Match the following research types with their descriptions:
Comparative Research = Aims to confirm if two or more variables reveal similar or different patterns or characteristics Evaluative Research = Assesses the performance, outcome, or impact of a set of variables using a set of criteria Qualitative Research = Relies on data obtained from observations and interviews Case Research = Aims to narrow down a broad field of research into one easily researchable topic
What is the primary goal of qualitative research?
To rely on data obtained from observations, interviews, surveys, focus group discussions, recordings, documentary analyses, and artifacts.
Study Notes
Hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a kind of belief considered to be true, but may or may not be verified or investigated.
- In research, it denotes the existence of a relationship between variables.
- The term "hypothesis" comes from the Greek word "hypotithenai", meaning "to put under" or "to suppose", and the Late Latin "assumption", from "assumere".
- A hypothesis can be proved or rejected depending on the method used by scientists.
- Example: "The higher the time students spend on their studies, the better they achieve in tests and score better marks", which suggests a correlation between time spent studying and marks attained.
Research Design
- Research design refers to the overall strategy and framework used to undertake research, defining a brief and logical plan to tackle established research questions.
- The design depends on the researcher's standpoint on the nature of knowledge and reality, shaped by their disciplinary area.
- Types of research design include:
- Comparative Research: aims to confirm if two or more variables reveal similar or different patterns or characteristics when compared using a set of variables.
- Evaluative Research: aims to assess the performance, outcome, or impact of a set of variables using a set of criteria.
- Qualitative Research: relies on data obtained through vicarious or firsthand observations, interviews, surveys, focus group discussions, recordings, documentary analyses, and artifacts.
- Case Research: exemplifies the researcher's preference for depth, detail, context, and a macro or micro view of the topic or issue.
- Collaborative Research: involves data-driven collaborative analysis to identify underlying causes, striking a balance between problem-solving activities and future projections.
- Longitudinal Research: repeatedly examines the same individuals to detect changes over a period of time.
- Cross-Sectional Research: simultaneously assesses the participants' exposures and outcomes at a specific point in time.
Research Evaluation
- Reliability refers to the degree of truthfulness of the respondents or the source, as well as the verifiability of the data gathered.
- Practicability refers to the combination of speed, logistical costs, and accessibility to respondents and data sources.
- Capability of addressing the research problem refers to the propriety of the technique in eliciting relevant data.
Data Collection
- Data collection is a methodical process of gathering and analyzing specific information to provide solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the results.
- There are two general types of data:
- Primary data: originates from the researcher's original work or efforts.
- Secondary data: comes from other researchers or sources, having undergone statistical operations.
Statistical Sampling
- Steps in sampling include:
- Identifying and defining the target population and research locale.
- Selecting the sampling frame.
- Choosing the sampling method.
- Determining the sample size.
- Collecting the required data.
- There are two clusters of sampling techniques:
- Probability sampling: every element of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Non-probability sampling: all elements do not have an equal chance of being selected.
Research Instruments
- Research instruments refer to the forms or tools used to gather data, varying according to the data-gathering technique employed.
- Examples of research instruments include surveys, questionnaires, and interviews.
A hypothesis is a kind of belief considered to be true, used as a base for conducting tests to determine its acceptance or rejection. It may or may not be verified or investigated.
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